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EX LIBRIS
Wilham Healey Dal
Division of Mollusks
Sectional Library
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This book was bound through
the generosity of the
NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB
/ WNILLIAM H. DALL
/ SECTIONAL LIBRARY
DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS
Hy
Aoological Jllustrattons,
OR
ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF
NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING
ANIMALS,
SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF
Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,
AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF
CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.
BY
WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.LS,
MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.
VOL, I. Beotion.) Molunk
London :
PRINTED BY Re AND A. TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE:
FOR BALDWIN, CRADDOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-
ROW; AND W. WOOD, STRAND.
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PRY EF A CE.
Tue termination of the first volume of the Zoological
Illustrations is accomplished, and its contents will not
only enable our readers to discern the nature of the work,
but likewise to form a judgement, on that degree of im-
provement which we have introduced since its first publi-
cation, and they may safely rely on the continuation being
in no respect inferior.
In commencing a work of this nature, we have had
two principal objects in view: the diffusion of original
observations, which, while they might further the ends of
science, would also be interesting to the general reader ;
and that of discouraging the publication of distorted
ficures copied from old authors, by accustoming the pub-
lic eye to original designs and correct representations of
natural objects. How tar we may have succeeded in this
latter object, remains to be judged by others; we are how-
ever satisfied with having made the attempt, and we hope
that abler pencils than our own, may engage in the prose-
cution of this most desirable object; for it is only by the
publication of original matter, that a check can be given
to the increasing number of compilations and multiplied
copies of ‘“ill-shaped” figures, by which error is perpetu-
ated, and science retarded.
The only original work that has appeared in this coun-
try similar to our own, is the Zoological Miscellany by Dr.
Leach,which, as it was discontinued after thethird volume,
it way be presumed was unsuccessful : although little can
be said of many of the figures in the early volumes,
those in the latter are much to be praised, and the whole
are original; the descriptions also abound with details
highly interesting to the scientific world, for which indeed
the Jearned author principally intended it; nevertheless
1V PREFACE.
it is a question, whether science in the end would not
have been equally, and perhaps more advanced, had this
work been more adapted to general readers. Instruction
in these days of refinement must be made easy, palata-
ble, and enticing; the eye must be pleased, while the un-
derstanding is improved, and Wisdom in her simple dig-
nified garb will often be deserted for Ignorance, decked
out in the glittering trappings of J’olly.
The Naturalist’s Miscellany conducted by Dr. Shaw,
in its miscellaneous nature also resembled the present
work, and reached to the extent of twenty-four volumes.
What an invaluable fund of information these might have
contained had their contents been original! Unfortunately,
however, the exceptions are so few, that the whole may
be termed a loose compilation, the descriptions being
mostly given in as few words as possible, and the figures
not only copied from wretched representations found in
old authors, but often coloured from their descriptions
only! It is indeed lamentable that the Author, whose
talents and abilities were unquestionable, should have ex-
erted them so little, and thus have descended to the rank
of a voluminous compiler, for little bettercan be said of the
General Zoology, begun and continued under his name:
little original matter can there be found, excepting in the
latter volumes, yet even in these no notice whatever is taken
of theimmense number of new species discovered in Africa
by Le Vaillant, and long ago published in the Oiseaux
d Afrique: the engravings also are in like manner copied
from old prints, enlarged or diminished as occasion offers,
without even a regard to the selection of the best. It
may be as well to observe in this place, that great num-
ber of generic distinctions have been made in the two
last volumes; which, as they have not been followed by
any of the great and acknowledged Zoologists on the
Continent, and appear to us in many instances trivial and
unnecessary, will not be adopted in this work.
It will be unnecessary to point out with regard to the
scientific arrangement, that we have avowedly adopted
the principles of the modern classification ; which the
PREFACE, Vv
strict followers of Linnzus (in this country alone) have
so long, but so ineffectually opposed. The first has been
designated as the natural, and the other the artificial sy-
stem; and, without entering into a critical dcisquisition
on these definitions, it will be sufficient to observe, that
by the Artificial System we bend nature to conform to
certain arbitrary principles, which we lay down and to
which we insist all her productions known and unknown
will conform ; while in the Natural method, we endea-
vour by tracing her modifications, to adapt our system to
that which appears to regulate her operations. In the
one we give laws, in the other receive them ; by the first
we are taught to believe that the highest attainment
of the science, is that of ascertaining the name of an ob-
ject in our Museum, or of giving a new one; we record
it in our favourite system as a grammarian enters a new
word in his dictionary, and there the matter terminates.
Where the artificial system ends, the natural begins ;
for we then proceed to the investigation of affinities
founded on anatomical construction, economy, and geo-
graphic distribution ; our attention ceases to be confined
to individuals, and extends to large groups; general facts
enable us to draw general conclusions, till the mind be-
gins faintly to discern a vast and mighty plan, by which
the zones of the earth are peopled by their own respec-
tive races of animate beings ; blending their confines
unto each other with divine harmony, beauty, and use-
fulness.
That these inquiries and results have had a most won-
derful effect on the natural sciences of late years, is abun-
dantly evident. Geology, a subject hardly thought of in
this country a few years ago, is now found to be a science
of the first importance ;_ w with this, however, Conchology
1s SO intimately connected, that without a certain know-
ledge of it, the geologist is frequently unable to prosecute
inquiries of the most interesting nature ; and there is lit-
tle doubt but that Botany has been raised to the rank it
now so justly holds, solely because its natural system
has been more generally studied and advocated in this
v1 PREFACE.
country, than that of any other branch of Natural His-
tory. In this science at least, we possess a superiority
which our continental neighbours cannot dispute; and the
name of Brown will be enrolled in the brightest page of
our philosophic inquirers.
That the prejudiced adherence to the strict Linnean
system, has been the primary cause why Zoology has
been more neglected with us than on the Continent, will
admit of little doubt; for by shutting the door to all fur-
ther improvement, it has impressed the generality of our
countrymen with an idea, that the highest object of the
Naturalist was to label the contents of a museum, and
to arrange stuffed animals, like quaint patterns of old
china, in glass cases: to thinking minds no less than to the
vulgar, this idea has produced a feeling of contempt and
ridicule, and very few of those qualified by nature for
accurate investigation and philosophic reasoning, have
been induced to make the science a study; and thus from
such an unfortunate prejudice, to use the words of a pow-
erful writer of the present day, ‘‘some future historian of
the progress of human knowledge, will have to state that
England, till within the few last years, stood still at the
bottom of the steps where Linneus had left her; while
her neighbours were advancing rapidly towards the en-
trance of the temple*.”
Finally—Linneus toa comprehensive genius united in-
defatigable industry; yet he could not see and study those
innumerable productions that have been discovered since
his death: in proportion as our knowledge of objects in-
creases, So must our systems change, until the natural one
is fully developed ; and the question simply comes to this,
Whether the Linnzan method should be upheld as a so-
litary exception to the mutability of human wisdom.
The sun of truth must however finally prevail, and
there is every reason to think it has already broke, and
* Hore Entomologice, by W.S. MacLeay, Esq. M.A. of Trinity College,
Cambridge. London, 1819. A work which for acuteness of reasoning and
profound research, has never been equalled either in this, or perhaps ia
any other country.
PREFACE. Vil
will gradually disperse these mists of prejudice. It is how-
ever much to be regretted, that our public institutions are
wholly inadequate to facilitate not only the advancement
of students, but the researches of those who are already
engaged in prosecuting their inquiries : in Scotland alone
are founded any Protessorships of Natural History, and
the establishment of our National Museum (in this branch
only) is confessedly difficult: materials for study are
more necessary in this science than any other; yet the
public Institutions and libraries of the metropolis, “ rich
and rare” in every other department of knowledge, in
most instances are deficient in this of the most elemen-
tary books; setting aside those of illustration, which, from
being unavoidably expensive and within the reach of few
purchasers, are more particularly adapted for such gene-
ral repositories of learning. The protracted ill-health of its
noble possessor, was the cause no doubt of the Banksian
magnificent library being left deficient in several of the
latest continental works ; and that of the British Museum
I have reason to think is still more defective. To the
honour however of the keepers of the Bodleian and Rad-
cliffe Libraries, it should be mentioned, that no pains or
expense have been spared to render them as perfect in
this branch as possible; and we have been told that the
latter particularly is the most magnificent in the kingdom.
We shall now as briefly as possible advert to the con-
tents of this volume.
In the Ornithoiogical department the systems of Cu-
vier and Temminck have mostly superseded all others :
as a whole, we give a decided preference to the latter,
as being more natural, though it may be doubted if the
generic distinctions are not too few, while those of Cuvier
are too many: both however can be considered only as
sketches, subject to improvement—as natural afiinities
are more studied.
Regarding that part of our work which relates to En-
tomology, we have given a decided preference to the Le-
pidoptera, for the simple reason that this order has re-
ceived less attention from all writers, concerning their real
characters and affinities, than any other; indeed they have
Vill PREFACE.
been most unaccountably neglected even by Latreille, the
reat founder of the modern school : we have therefore
thought it necessary to propose in this department many
new genera, and only have to regret that their definitions
could not be made more perfect without the destruction
of the specimens, frequently not our own, and which
therefore was unattainable: a more extended knowledge
of the natural affinities existing in this tribe, will alone
confirm or annul the propriety of these distinctions.
In Conchology many of the genera long established on
the Continent, but new to our own collectors, have been
characterized and illustrated, as well as specific distinc-
tions defined between shells hitherto considered as vari-
eties; and here it must be observed that so much latitude
has been given to the meaning of the term variety, that
in its general acceptation its definition becomes im-
possible: our own idea of its true meaning is, a shell
possessing one or more characters which are changeable
and uncertain, and which consequently will not serve as
indications by which it may infallibly be distinguished
from all others ; vartety depends on local cireumstances,
and affects the size, colour, and greater or less develop-
mentof thesame modification of str ucture; a species is per-
manent, its structure always the same though more or less
developed, producing and per petuating its kind, and de-
pending on formation, discernible in youth, and matured
in age: we cannot therefore comprehend the contradictory
term of permanent varieties in a state of nature (though
such occur in domesticated animals), which some authors
have used, and which has led to, in many instances, the
most erroneous conclusions.
It is lamentable to see the opposition which is still
made by our own writers against all the modern improve-
ments ; yet although Linnean Introductions to Concho-
logy are constantly i issuing from the press, the desire of
being acquainted with a nore natural and intelligible clas-
sification has already appeared; and as we are frequent! y
questioned on the subject, we cannot in this place do bet-
ter than refer the young student to the valuable article on
Conchology contained in the late supplement to the
PREFACE. 1x
Encyclopedia Britannica, the perusal of which will con-
vey more solid information, and less perplexity, than all
the Introductions our booksellers can boast of.
With respect to the quotations or synonyms, it should
be observed that we have in most instances limited them
only to original works, all doubtful ones have been re-
jected, and such only given as have been actually con-
sulted ; indeed to this latter cause must be attributed the
occasionalomission of some, existing in books we had not
the immediate power of consulting ; our own library is
not small; but the difficulty and expense of procuring all
the new continental publications, ana the impossibility
of meeting with them at our public libraries*, may have
sometimes led us into error, and unintentionally to have
passed over the discoveries of others.
With the few additions contained in the Appendix we
shall now conclude ; trusting that in the remarks drawn
from us by the present state of the science in this country,
our zeal for truth will not give us an appearance of want of
candour or of vanity. The truth of our remarks on the la-
bours of others, every one at all acquainted with the sub-
ject can inquireinto, and either acknowledge or disprove :
we neither deprecate nor despise criticism: an author who
presumes to instruct others, should have his pretensions
publicly canvassed, his merits admitted, or his deficien-
cy exposed ; no one is more sensible than we are that our
own pretensions chiefly consist in having set an example
for others more able to follow: and if we have in any
way advocated the cause of truth and science, our object
will be attained, and we shall then gladly retire in the
shade.
* Itis truly grievous in those which are privileged to possess themselves
of the works of their countrymen, however expensive, at free cost, and
thus to inflict a ruinous fine on authors. 'Thus—National Institutions,
founded for the encouragement of learning, are made to oppress and im-
poverish its followers.
LonpDoN,
Sept. 15, 1821,
LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.
Bruguire, Encycl. Meth. Tistoire Naturelle des Vers, par M. Bruguire,
1 vol. 4to and 4 vols. of Plates, forming part 10, 19, 21, 23, of
the “ Encyclopedie Méthodique.” Paris 1789-1792,
Bloch.. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, en 6 parties, 8vo. Berlin, 1796,
Cramer. Papillons Exotiques, 4 vols. 4to. Amsterdam, 1779-1782.
Cuvier. Le Régne Avimal, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.
Chemnitz, Martini. Neus Systematisches Conchylein Cabinet, 11 vols.
Nurnburg, 1781-1795.
Dill. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. By F. W. Dillwyn,
2 vols. 8vo. London, 1817.
Edwards. A Natural History of uncommon Birds, &c.; and Gleanings of
Natural History. By G. Edwards, 7 vols. 4to. 1763, &c.
Fab. Ent, Syst. Entomologia Systematica, emendata et aucta. J.C. Fa-
bricius, 4 vols. 4to. Hafnia, 1792-1794.
Gen. Zool. General Zoology, commenced by Dr. Shaw, and continued
by Mr. Stevens, 11 vols. 8vo. to 1819.
Ginelin Linn. Syst. Nat. C. Linné Systema Nature. Cura J. F. Gmelin.
Lipsie, 1788-1793.
Godart in Encycl. Method. Encyclopedie Methodique, t.9. p. 1. 1819.
Gualtieri. Index Testarum Conchyliorum que adservantur in Museo
N. Gualtieri. Florentie#, 1742.
Illiger. Prod. Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 8vo. Berolini, 1811.
Knorr. Les Delices des Yeux et de l’Esprit, 6 P., 4to. Nuremb. 1760, &e.
Klein Hist. Pisc. Wistorie Nat. Piscium promovende Missus, 6, 4to.
Dantzic, 1740-49.
Linn, Syst. Nat. See Gmelin.
Linn. Trans. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 13 vols.
Ato. 1791-1821.
Lister. M. Lister Historia Conchyliorum, folio. Oxonii, 1770.
Lamarck Syst. Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Verteébres. Par le Cheva-
lier de Lamarck, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1815-1819.
Anal, Mus. Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris,
4to. 1802-1821.
Lath. Synop. Suppl. A General Synopsis of Birds. By Dr. J. Latham,
3 vols. and 2 Supplements, 4to. London, 1782, &c.
Index Ornith. Index Ornithologicus, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1790.
Martyn Univ. Conch. The Universal Conchologist. By T. Martyn,
4 vols. 4to. London, 1784, &c.
Martini. See Chemnitz.
Pennant. British Zoology. By T. Pennant, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1812.
Risso Icth. Ichtyologie de Nice, 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1810.
Rumph. Thesaurium Imaginum Piscium, &c., folio. Hagz, 1739.
Seba. Albertus Seba Rerum Naturalium Thesauri, 4 vols, folio. Am-
sterdam, 1734-1765.
Say. Description of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the United
States. By Thomas Say. Philadelphia, 1819.
Shaw in Gen. Zool. See General Zoology.
LTemminck Pig. et Gall. Histoire Naturelle Générale des Pigeons et des
Gallinaces. Par C. J. Temminck, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1813.
Manuel. Manuel d’Ornithologie, 2d edit., 2 vols. 8vo. 1820.
Le Vaill. Wist. Nat. des Toucans et des Barbus. folio. Paris, 1806.
-- Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, 2 vols. folio. ~ Paris, 1801.
White’s Voyage, Journal of a Voyage to N. S. Wales, 4to. Lond. 1790.
a,
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4
PSITTACUS Cayennensis.
Cayenne gold-winged Parakeet.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum breve, crassum, validissimum, ad basin cute tectum; mandibula supe-
riore adunca ; inferiore sub-recurvata, breviore. Nares rotunda, nuda,
Serme verticales. Pedes scansorit.
Bill short, thick, very strong, covered at the base by a cere; upper mandible
sharply hooked ; under mandible obtuse, curving upwards, and much
shorter. Nostrils round, naked, nearly vertical. Feet scansorial.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. viridis, alis spuriis aurantiis, remigibus exterioribus basi ceruleis, caudd
brevi cuneata. ;
Green Parakeet, with the spurious wings golden-orange: outer quills blue
at their base. Tail short, wedged.
Le Perruche a tache souci. Le Vaill. pl. 58, 59. p. 169.
re
We only thoroughly identified this beautiful little bird, by an
inspection of the costly work of Le Vaillant on this family, in the
Banksian Library: for the description of the orange-winged
Parakeet of Dr. Latham is not applicable; and Dr. Shaw has
persisted in the old error of considering this species a variety of
the Toui Parakeet, although the question had been put at rest
by the original description and sound reasons of Le Vaillant.
There is a wide difference between naturalists who compile, and
form their theories from books, and those who study nature, and
think for themselves; and nothing will result from the first but
mischief to the science, and perplexity to the student.
Our figure is from a specimen brought from Demerara by
C. Edmonston, Esq.; another is in the possession of A. Mac-
Leay, Esq. ‘Though rare in our cabinets, M. Le Vaillant says
it is common in Cayenne. He has given a beautiful figure of
the female, which is entirely green.
Total length six inches. Plumage above entirely green, be-
neath paler and inclining to yellow; just under the lower man-
dible is a small snuff-coloured spot, and a very narrow line of
the same in front just above the nostrils ; the quills dark-green,
the greater ones on their outside base are blue, with which the
head is also tinged. ‘The spurious wings are entirely of a rich
and clear orange. Inner wing-covers green. Quills inside
greenish-blue, except on each side the shafts, where there is a
line of black. ‘Tail short, cuneated, hardly projecting an inch
beyond the wings, both above and below green: the interior
margin dirty-yellow, the feathers poited. Bill and legs flesh-
colour.
Pl. 4,
POE yd aU IAT SY
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. hurr YTD chute on a 9x00} tidte a ie Oc ecevit as frost Weds aria:
we Bh “seo,
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3 ,uenrg ub rues i oy words ogeenil *{ # vd aE FID Atgivsl | lato’
~fiht et ner aut doris bi uy; 2 wo tj 7 os mriscel: st) iyrist ‘Terk sesy Weer
a vim heh efltu e only
“Je ett vrovind iv 2 beim dodge haruole PRuse linens 8 ef aldily
ili odd avs nviinot mt sate GL
out toi vid w dtiye | thes rin * ‘ed obdaino Wall ud-eoar time m2 ot
fai 6 to viii oe eqciw evohuie oll .foyait o@la et Basel
obient stig) feet,
par monly ormelyy Attila lt abie lage oo igen ysuldedatqoreg
etlenfl ago lene et
fovoo-yitw weel ens; aesla AGA
- dori ik oy TA weary lbs wal al ron bottle lieT <dontd to anit
— tortetal offi idem wolad ban svods dod egetive ot haga
yy yiew odd Yo aot gene, :
ootg hor off vt oyweidil netedeh
: i ante ips 3 to msl ae fo t03 Ry ry
tov it eunt: rae andy Orit: ayigins t? WITS ‘blo: ofl ni bate ei
Jean th dug oe wil tard geiko ah in prolate iit nds 54 iuoT
aS
«
a
‘battiog etadinal otis velar nigrern”
. tO B,
= ti
ae sex. ei Mog pais oot Aakee
we Shy hactl
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,
SITTA frontalis.
Blue Nuthatch.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Rostrum rectissimum, acutum, compressum ; utroque mandibulo ad apicem aque
anclinato ; apice integro cuneo compresso simili. Nares basales, ovales,
aperta, plumis setaceisi ncumbentibus extrinsecus tecte. Pedes tribus digi-
tus anticis ; uno postico; interior minor ; exterior ad basin medio connexus ;
hallux productus validus. Ungues compressissimi; antici subequales ;
postico maximo, Cauda brevis, rectricibus duodecim subequalibus.
Typus Genericus S. Europea.
Bill very straight, sharp-pointed, compressed ; both mandibles equally in-
clining to the tip, which is entire, and resembles a compressed wedge.
Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with incumbent seta-
ceous feathers. Feet with three toes forward and one backward;
inner toe very small; outer toe connected to the middle at its base;
hind toe lengthened, strong. Claws much compressed ; anterior nearly
equal, posterior largest. Tail short, of twelve nearly equal feathers.
Generic Type Sitta Europea.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
S. supra cerulea; supercilio, fronte, et remigibus lateralibus in medio nigris ;
subtus cinereo-fusca, aures lilacine, mento albo,
Nuthatch, above blue: line above the eye, front, and middle of the lateral
tail-feathers black ; beneath cinereous brown, ears lilac, chin white.
Orthorynchus frontalis. Horsfield in Linn. Trans.
Tue present species is one of the many interesting birds col-
lected in Java by my friend Dr. Horsfield: it was not, however,
until [ had described and engraved another specimen, sent to
Sir J. Banks from Ceylon, that I discovered the species had
already been included in the Doctor’s account of the birds of
Java, presented to the Linnean Society, where he has described
it under the name of Orthorynchus frontalis.
The specific name of its first describer is of course retained :
with respect, however, to its generic situation, I must be allowed
P). 2.
to dissent from considering it as a distinct genus, merely from the
prolongation of the hinder toe being somewhat more developed
than in Sitta Europea and Carolinensis, both which birds are
now before me, and which in themselves differ in the relative
proportion of this part: thus in S.Carolinensis the hind toe and
claw is two-tenths of an inch shorter than the leg; in S. Europea
it is one-tenth shorter ; and in the present species it just exceeds
that of the leg: in every other respect not the slightest difference
[ apprehend will be observed, as the foregoing generic character
has been drawn up from these three species.
Total length five inches. Size of the European Nuthatch. Bill,
from the angle of the mouth to the tip, eight lines ; front of the
head velvet-black, continued in a stripe of the same colour over
the eye, and terminating above the ear feathers: the upper plu-
mage is of a rich blue, mere brilliant on the head, and paler on
the front, and external margins of the quills. Spurious wings
and lesser quills black margined with blue. Inner wing-covers
deep black; the under plumage is a light-brown, changing to lilac
on the ears and sides of the neck, and tinged with cinereous on
the flanks and vent: the chin is white; tail even, the two middle
feathers blue, the rest more or less: black, having the external
margins and tips blue. ‘The outer quill of the wings is short, the
second and third longest and equal, the fourth rather less; the
hind toe with the claw, measures one inch in a straight line.
nD
mer “ite ee ane
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MITRA zonata.
Zoned Mitre.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa inequaliter fusiformis, spird producta attenuata, labio exteriore intus eden-
tulo. Columella plicata.
Shell unequally fusiform. Spire lengthened, attenuated. Outer lip simple,
not toothed within. Columella plaited.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. epidermide lutea, fulvo-marmoratd, anfractibus inferne basi nigris, columella
quinque-plicata. Linn, Trans. xii. p. 338.
Mitre, with the epidermis marbled with brownish-yellow; volutions at
their base black; columella five-plaited.
Mitra zonata. Marryat in Linn. Trans. vol. xii. pl. 10. fig. 1. 2.
Tits unique and beautiful Mitre has been already described by
Captain Marryatin the Linnean Transactions: the figures, how-
ever, are uncoloured, and give a very indifferent idea of the grace-
ful symmetry of its form. My friend Dr. Leach, with his usual
liberality, permitted me to draw the accompanying figure of it
at the British Museum, where it is now deposited.
It appears to have been taken near Nice in the Mediterranean,
adhering to a sounding-line, in very deep water; a very singular
locality, since nearly all the Mitres have generally been supposed
to inhabit the tropical seas, or at least far from the coasts of
Europe. It should, however, be remarked, that Cyprea lurida,
an Asiatic shell, I have found on the shores of Greece: and
C. Ulysses, in his travels in the kingdom of Naples, enumerates
several shells as inhabiting the warm shores of the Tarentine
Bay, which are generally known only as natives of the Red Sea
and Indian Ocean. ‘These facts, with many others, prove the
Pl. 3.
physical distribution of Moliusce to be less decidedly marked
than almost any other class of animals.
This genus is included with that of Voluta by Linneus and
our own writers, although long ago justly separated by the con-
tinental zoologists.
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BULIMUS melastomus.
Blackmouthed Bulimus.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa ovalis, vel oblongo-ovalis. Spira elevata. Os integrum, sub-ovale. Colu-
mella laevis, simplex. Labium externum crassum, reflecum. Internum
ultra medium cavo-inflecum, Operculum nullum.
Shell oval or oblong-oval. Spire elevated. Mouth entire, sub-oval. Column
smooth, simple. Exterior lip thick, reflected. Interior lip beyond
the middle inflected, and hollowed beneath. Operculum none.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
B. testa oblongo-ovatd, alba, cinereo marmorata, spire anfractibus longitudina-
liter plicutis, labio exteriore complanato ; apertura nigra.
Shell oblong-ovate, white, marbled with cinereous. Spiral whorls longi-
tudinally plaited. Outer lip flattened; aperture black.
rr
Tue venus Bulimus was long ago formed by Scopoli out of the
heterogeneous mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnean
genus Helix*, &c.: it comprehends some of the larger and most
beautiful of the exotic land shells, among which the present spe-
cies will stand conspicuous both in beauty of colouring and ex-
cessive rarity. While travelling among the forests of Brazil, in
the province of Bahia, I found the shell here figured one morn-
ing on the leaves of a Solanum. I not only searched myself, but
promised as a reward to any of my Indians who would bring me
another, a two-bladed Birmingham knife !—the greatest tempta-
* Were it necessary at this time of day to point out the unnatural se-
paration of shells intimately connected with each other, which the Lin-
nan arrangement presents, it would be sufficient to observe, that the ge-
nus Bulimus is formed of shells scattered in the old genera of Turbo, Helix,
and Bulla: thus we see in Mr. Dillwyn’s Catalogue, the large pink-mouthed
African land-snail put in the same genus with our English Bulla lignaria,
and aperta; the one inhabiting the depths of forests, and the others the
depths of ocean!
Pl. 4.
tion they could have!—but in vain; for I never saw another
before or since.
There are many peculiar characters presented in this species
independent of its colour: the spiral whorls are strongly plaited
longitudinally about half their length, and marked very slightly
(but sufficiently distinct) with several oblique indented strie ; the
principal whorl has a row of indented and unequal sulcations
near the suture, and a slight appearance of elevation along the
white transverse band; the outer lip is thick, broad, and flat-
tened beneath; but the margin is reflected back, and forms a
prominent rim on the upper surface. The shell, when viewed
closely, appears rough with minute scale-like elevations, very
much resembling shagreen.
COLIAS Statira.
GENERIc CHARACTER.
Palpi breves, curvati, compressi ad linguam, squamis dense tecti. Articulis
tribus ; primo longissimo, ad basin curvato, ultra erecto ; secundo erecto,
brevi ; tertio minimo, proclivi; apice nudo, obtuso. Antenne breves, cy=
lindracee, ad apicem nudam et abrupté truncatam sensim incrassate. Ale
anteriores trigone. Abdomen maris, ultimo articulo acuto, et subtus tenui
unco incurvato ; valvis magnis, attenuatis, aduncis.
Typus Genericus Colias Ebule.
Palpi short, curved, compressed on the tongue, thickly covered with scales.
Articulations three; the first very long, curved at the base, erect be-
yond ; the second erect, short; the third minute, inclining forward ;
the tip naked, obtuse. Antenne short, cylindric, gradually thicken-
ing to their tip, which is naked and abruptly truncate. Anterior
wings trigonal. Abdomen of the male with the last joimt pointed,
and a slender incurved hook beneath: the valves large, attenuated
and hooked.
Generic Type Colias Ebule«
Speciric CHARACTER.
C. alis dilute flavis, vel fulvis ; anticis supra, puncto medio margineque extima,
nigris ; subtus ferrugineis ; posticis subtis, singulis duobus niveis punctis
inequalibus ; palpis productis.
Wings diluted yellow or fulvous; anterior with a black border and central
dot, which beneath is ferrugineous; posterior beneath, each with two
unequal snowy spots; palpi lengthened — Female.
Papilio Statira. Cramer, pl. cxx. fig. C. D.
a
Tue present insect is selected to illustrate a very elegant family
of Butterflies, whose predominant tints are composed of orange,
yellow, and white, variously blended and disposed in a greater or
less degree throughout all the species. ‘The generic characters
above given will distinguish them as peculiar to the tropics, and
principally those of South America; one or two species only
being found in Africa, and five or six inhabiting India.
Pl 5.
I have no doubt this is the Pap. Statira of Cramer; it is
found only in Brazil, and has been erroneously considered by
Godart and Latreille as a variety of C. Jugurthina, an Indian
insect, and which in fact is not in itself a species, being no other
than the female of C. A/emeone, as an attentive examination of
a vast number of both, collected in Java by Dr. Horsfield, en-
abled me to ascertain.
The extraordinary prolongation of the last joint of the palpi,
and the white borderless spots beneath, which are never silvered,
will distinguish this species through all the variations; im the
ground colour of its wings, which in no two specimens are exactly
alike, and one before me is nearly white ; the lesser snowy dot
is sometimes very obscure, and often wanting; but the prolon-
gation of the palpi is even expressed in Cramer’s figure above
quoted.
Thave examined about a dozen specimens, mostly captured by
myself, and all have been females; and I strongly suspect future
and more decided observations will prove C. Evadne to be the
other sex: it has the palpi lengthened, though in a less degree ;
and the articulations of the antenne im both insects will be found
somewhat thickened at their termination when viewed under a
magnifier, a peculiarity | have seen in no other species; and
although [ have examined near thirty specimens of C. Evadne,
they have invariably proved to be males.
The palpi in this insect will be found at variance with the
generic character now given; a striking proof that in a natural
system no single part can be taken as an unerring criterion for
generic distinction, without making it eventually an artificial one.
The Colias Drya of Fabricius has the same formation of palpi,
but is a totally different insect.
ies oy ar aeeng? =:
7 7% meh
= eae Sai nich Nem gh Aa =
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ities Qe
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Ses, SVS eR, Ce ee Lr =
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COLIAS Leachiana.
Leachian Colias.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 5.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
C.alis subrotundatis, wtegris, virescenti-albidis, anticis supra fulvis, margine
punctoque medio nigris, singulis subtus maculd centrali ferruginea. En-
cycl. Method.
(Male) wings slightly rounded, entire, greenish white ; anterior pair above
orange, at their tips, margin, and central dot black: each pair beneath
with a central ferrugineous spot. Female —————?
C. Leachiana. Godart in Encycl. Method. vol. ix. p. 91.
In size this insect is the largest of the genus yet discovered ; it
was first noticed by Godart, who has given it the name of my
learned and valued friend, Dr. W. E. Leach, of the British Mu-
seum, whose talents are too well known to need any eulogium
in this place.
It appears to inhabit both the northern and southern extre-
mities of Brazil; for [have seen it in a box sent from Para, and
my specimens were captured in Minas Geraes by my friend
Dr. Langsdorff. It is, however, a rare species ; for I have only
seen seven or eight specimens, and they were all males: the fe-
male, when found, will probably differ as remarkably as in most
of this genus.
The opaque spot on the inferior wings above is very large;
but the tuft of hair corresponding beneath the superior wings, is
entirely wanting. It should be likewise observed, that although
this insect in every outward respect resembles a genuine Colias
(the type of which may be C. Ebule), it differs very materially in
the terminal appendages of the abdomen; the last jomt being the
shortest, and scarcely pointed; and the hook, instead of being con-
cealed beneath this segment, is exserted beyond it, and met by
Pl. 6,
two others, one at the base of each lateral valve: these valves
are also much shorter, ovate, and not attenuated, although end-
ing in an incurved hook. In the present ignorance in which a
true knowledge of the Lepidoptera is mvolved, it is impossible
to say how far these dissimilarities may point out natural groups ;
it is therefore of the highest importance to the science such facts
should be noticed.
eer ears 305 ~<or balay
ve
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in esa Regiecats abe, Les
MEGA Re Crete ee is wail bel
Aula saeaeel oe paige hese ahve tres Cues ‘ ‘
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eo
CARDUELIS cucullata.
Hooded Seed-eater.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, rectissimum ; mandibulis subequalibus ; apice
immarginato, recto, acuto; mandibula superiore culmine convexra; infe-
riore basi marginis angulata, utrinsecus subtusque convera.
Typus Genericus Fringilla Canaria. Lath., Kc.
Bill short, stout, very conic, without any curvature above; both mandibles
nearly equal, the tip entire, straight and sharp; upper mandible con-
vex above: lower one at the base of the margin with an obtuse an-
gle, the sides and under part convex.
Generic Type Fringilla Canaria. Latham, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
C. aurantia: capite, gutture, fascia trans tectrices remigibus caudaque nigris ;
remigibus primoribus basi oblique aurantio fasciatis.
Orange: head, front of the neck, bar across the wing-covers, quills and
tail black; greater quills at their base obliquely barred with orange.
—<——— rE EO
A RICHLY coloured little bird, much smaller than our Gold-
finch, and approaching very near to the Bowvreuil de Bourbon
of Buffon, from which, however, I think it quite distinct. The
only one I have yet seen is in the possession of E. Falkner, Esq.
of Fairfield near Liverpool, who received it with a few other
rare birds from the Spanish Main.
Total length four inches, Bill blackish and very sharp. The
whole head and forepart of the neck is black. The plumage of
the body is a fine reddish-orange, dulleron the back and brightest
beneath: wing-covers the same; the greater ones at their base
black, which forms a bar: the quills are also black, the greater
ones having at their base an oblique bar of orange, and some ot
the lesser ones slightly margined externally with white. Tail
divaricated and black; some of the lateral feathers faintly mar-
|e ar Cc
gined with orange. Spurious wings black. Legs and claws
brown.
The Bouvreual de Bourbon, and the B.du Cap de Bonne Espe-
rance of Buffon (Pl. Enl, pl. 204. fig. 1, 2.) appear to have been
described as the different sexes of one bird (the Orange Gross-
beak of Latham) on mere conjecture. I think them quite di-
stinct, inhabiting different countries, and having all the appear-
ance (in the figures) of being two male birds; for the females
in this family seldom possess the rich colours of the male; and
the figure of the last of these birds, has not the slightest habit of a
female.
The present genus was formed by Cuvier, (though but very
slightly defined,) and includes the common Goldfinch and
Canary-bird.
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MEROPS urica.
Javanese Bee-eater.
Generic CHARACTER.
Rostrum productum, leve, subcurvatum, compressum ; apice acuto, basi trigono ;
culmine carinato. Pedes brevissimi, gressorii. Ale attenuate.
Typus Genericus M. apiaster. Linn., &c.
Bill lengthened, smooth, slightly curved, terminating in a sharp point;
the base triangular, the sides much compressed, the back carinated.
Feet very short, gressorial. Wings pointed.
Generic Type Merops apiaster. Linn., &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. viridis, infra pallidior ; capite, collo supra rufo; mento, jugulo, sulphureis ;
lined temporali et torque colli nigris; tegminibus uropygioque ceruleis ;
cauda subfurcata.
Green, beneath paler. Head and neck above rufous; chin and throat sul-
phur; line under the eyes, and collar round the neck, black. Tail-
covers and rump pale blue. Tail slightly forked.
Merops urica. Horsfeild in Linn. Trans.
eee
Tue true Bee-eaters are confined to the old world, principally
inhabiting Africa and Asia; one species only, the European
Bee-eater, being known with any degree of certainty to be found
in Europe; and this is occasionally seen in England. They
are all gregarious, feeding on the wing, and in general migra-
tory.
Most unwillingly [ have again in this instance anticipated my
friend Dr. Horsfeild in describing this bird, which he found in
Java, and which I engraved after one sent from Ceylon, without
knowing it had also fallen under his observation.
The figure is less than the natural size, which is nearly that
of our European species. Bill an inch and a half long from
the gape, and black. Nostrils small, basal, round, not sulcated,
Plis.
partially defended by incumbent hairs; at the angle of the
mouth is a row of short, stiff bristles ; a black line commences
from the nostrils, passes under the eye, and terminates with
the ears. The upper part of the head, neck, and between the
wings, rufous. The rump and upper tail-covers pale blue: the
chin and throat sulphur tinged with rufous, where an irregular
and narrow collar of black crosses the neck. The remaining
under parts yellowish-green. Wings and quills fulvous green,
the latter tipt with black, and all the inner shafts more or less
rufous: the second quill longest, and the lesser quills and tail-
feathers notched at their tips. Tail green, slightly forked; the
tips and under side dusky-black, and three inches and a half
long. Wings, when closed, four inches one line in length. Vent
blueish-white.
The females in this genus may generally be distinguished by
the two middle tail-feathers being but slightly or not at all elon-
gated.
eR ae
J a or :
JAX NATE
=
HELIX auriculata.
Eared Helix.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa orbicularis vel globosa. Spira depressa vel paululum elevata, Apertura
integra. Lubium exterius marginatum. Operculum nulium.
‘Shell orbicular or globose. Spire depressed, or but slightly elevated.
Aperture entire. Outer lip margined. | Operculum, none.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
H.testd depressissima, ferrugineo-marmorata et bifasciatd, umbilico magno, pro-
fundo, aperturé auriformi ; labio exteriore incrassato, margine interiore
dente obsoleto. |
Shell much depressed, marbled and doubly-banded with ferrugineous.
Umbilicus large, deep. Aperture ear-shaped. Outer lip thickened,
reflected, with a gibbous obsolete tooth within.
SEE
A SHELL no less remarkable for its form than its extreme rarity.
The mouth bears a most striking resemblance to the human ear ;
and the only specimen known in this country is the one here
figured, from the cabinet of Ch, Dubois, Esq., who obligingly
favoured me with it for examination ; neither does the exquisite
work on the Land Shells, by M. de Ferrusac, now publishing
at Paris, contain this species among the numerous matchless
figures already given of this family.
In the present uncertainty respecting the natural groups of the
genus Helix, as left by Lamarck, I have preferred for the present
following the example of Cuvier and de Ferrusac, in placing it
with that family, in preference to adopting the ill-defined and
palpably artificial distribution of them by D.de Montfort, or
of forming a new genus for its reception.
The variegations in its colouring are better seen in the figures
than described. The whole shell is slightly marked with obso-
lete longitudinal strie ; the umbilicus is very deep, and the tooth
does not extend externally beyond the margin of the lip.
Pl. 9.
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STROMBUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa ventricosa: basis canali brevi, truncato vel emarginato ; labium exterius
simpliciter alatum, ala ad basin inferne emarginata ; supra dilatata.
Animal marinum, carnivorum, trachelipodum ; corpore spirali ; pede compressa
ad cervicis basin inferiorem. Leach in Zool. Misc. vol. i. p. 51.
Typus Genericus S. pugilis. Linn.
Shell ventricose; base with a short canal, which is either emarginate or
truncate; external lip dilated into a simple wing, notched at the base,
and prominent above.
Animal marine, carnivorous ; body spiral, with a compressed foot at the
inferior base of the neck.
Generic Type S. pugilis. Linn.
STROMBUS minimus.
Little Strombus—central figures.
S. testa nodose plicatd ; spird subtilissime striata; labio interiore reflecto, in-
crassato, supra obtusé-acuminato ; exteriore intra levi, supra alte-lobato,
anfractui secundo spirali adjuncto.
Shell with nodulous plaits; the spire finely striated; inner lip thickened
and reflected, and obtusely pointed above. Outer lip smooth within,
deeply lobed above, attached to the second spiral volution.
Lister 859. 15. Chemnitz. tab. 156. fig. 1491, 1492. Rwmph. tab. 36, P.
Gualtieri, tab. 32, G.
Strombus marginatus. Dillwyn’s Cat. p. 665. no. 18.
EE
A PRETTY and diminutive species, scarcely ever more than
one inch three lines long. The spire long in proportion, and
occupying half an inch: when in perfection the colour is a deep
chesnut, minutely broken into finely serrated darker lines, with
one, two, or three interrupted bands of white on the body whorl,
the spire, and margin of the outer lip paler; there are two or
three nodules above ; and the spiral volutions have the carinated
row of tubercles usual in the S¢rombi, and are besides finely stri-
ated transversely. The base of the shell is more deeply and di-
stinctly striated; both the lips are much thickened, tumid, white,
Pl. 10.
and highly polished ; terminating above in obtuse points on the
second spiral whorl, leaving a narrow ascending channel be-
tween; the inside of the aperture is a fine yellow.
Inhabits the Indian seas, but is not common.
By some unaccountable oversight, Mr. Dillwyn has very well
described this shell, but under the name and supposition of its
being the S. marginatus of Linnaeus; though a few pages after
he brings all the true synonyms referring to his shell, under a
description purporting to be that of S. minimus, but which in
reality is more applicable to our next species. Why this writer
should doubt the correctness of Gmelin, Chemnitz, &c. respecting
the true S. marginatus of Linneus, does not appear, particularly
as he has substituted for it a well known species. I have little
doubt myself they all mean one and the same shell, which is
nothing more than a scarce variety of S. accinctus, now before
me, with which Linneus’s original description pretty well agrees.
STROMBUS variabilis.
Variable Strombus—upper figure.
S. testa nodose plicatd, spira striis nullis ; labio interiore simplice, exteriore re-
fiecto, intra levi, supra leviter lobato.
Shell with nodulous plaits, the spire not striated. Inner lip simple. Outer
lip reflected, smooth within, and slightly lobed above.
Shell two inches and a quarter long, the spire occupying little
more than half an inch. The ground colour generally is white
with numerous undulated short lines of a darker colour, some-
times crossed by four or five obsolete whitish bands: it ap-
proaches very near S. minimus, but is easily distinguished by
being in general much larger, by having the inner lip not at all
thickened above, the outer lip very slightly lobed, and only ad-
vancing on the first volution of the spire: it varies, however,
amazingly in colour. ‘There is a small variety, having a brown
spot beneath, from India; and others (labelled from the So. Seas)
in the Banksian collection, also small, are purplish-brown, with
three or four well-defined bands of white: the aperture is always
pure white.
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DRUSILLA Horsfeildii.
GENERIc CHARACTER.
Antenne mediocres, clavd productd, gracili, cylindraceé. Palpi breves, coms
pressissumi, obtusi, remoti, linguam non attingentes ; lateribus utrisque
hirsutessimis, articulis obtegentibus. Abdomen (in maribus) 7-articula-
tum: 1mo longissimo, ultimo simplici, truncato, supra integro, subtus unco
incurvato, valvis nullis. Ale antice (in maribus) basi posticé dilatate,
fasciculum in alas posticas obtegentes.
(Oss. Ale integerrima, subdiaphane, postice magne, orbiculares. Pedes an-
tict spurii; antennarum articuli basales ad apicem incrassati.)
Typus Genericus Papilio Jairus. Fabr.
Antenne moderate, the club lengthened, slender, cylindric. Palpi short,
much compressed, obtuse, remote, not touching the tongue, covered
equally on both sides with thickset hairs concealing the joints. Ab-
domen (in the male) 7-jointed, the first very long, the last simple,
truncate, and entire above, without valves, and with an incurved
hook beneath. Anterior wings (in the male) dilated at the posterior
base, concealing a tuft of hair on the inferior wings.
Generic Type Papilio Jairus. Fabr.
(Ozs. Wings very entire, sub-diaphanous. Hinder wings large, orbicular.
Fore-legs spurious. Basal articulations of the antenne thickened at
the end.)
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
D. alis anticis angustatis, fuscis, concoloribus ; margine posteriore et exteriore
aqualibus: posticis albidis ; margine exteriore fusco, supra uni-ocellato,
subtus bi-ocellato.
Wings, anterior, narrowed, the posterior and exterior margins equal, uni-
form brown; posterior cream-coloured, with a brown margin, one
ocellate spot above, and two beneath.
EE
Tus new and elegant insect was discovered by my worthy
friend Dr. Horsfeild (after whom I have named it) in the inte-
rior of Java: it forms a part of the extensive collections made
there by this zealous naturalist for the East India Company, and
Pls 11.
which will make a most important addition to our present con-
fined knowledge of the productions of that interesting island :
indeed these collections exceed in extent, preservation, and value,
any which have been brought to this country.
The general resemblance of this species with Papilio Jazrus of
Fabricius is so great, that it might pass on a cursory view as a
mere variety, did not the form of the anterior wings at once point
out the difference. In the present insect the posterior and exte-
rior margins are of equal length, giving a narrow appearance to
the wings, much resembling some of the true Papilionide ; but
in P. Jairus, these wings are much broader, more obtuse, and
the length of the posterior margin much greater; other minor
differences exist in the colouring and markings. My valued
friend A. H. Haworth, Esq., F.L.S., &c. possesses a fine pair of
the true P. Jairus in his rich and extensive collection; and the
liberality with which it is constantly and freely opened to me, de-
serves my warmest thanks.
From these two species I have formed the present genus, the
characters of which will distinguish it from that of Jetera
(Fabr.), a scanty genus confined to South America; and thisseems
to occupy its place in India: both will come in the natural family
of Hipparchia. Only one specimen (a male) exists in Dr. Hors-
feild’s collections ; [ could not therefore dissect the mouth, &c.
On the inner borders of the inferior wings is a lengthened tuft of
fine hairs: the anus beneath has on each side an obtuse lergth-
ened process, partially attached, and which appears to supply
the place of the lateral valves. It is represented on a sprig of
GARTNERA racemosa,
which, although differing slightly from the figure of Dr. Rox-
burgh’s Coromandel Plants, p. 19. t.18, Dr. Horsfeild considers
as the same plant. The Javanese name is Kakas.
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GOBIUS Sueri.
Suerian Goby.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput parvum. Oculi approximati. Pinne dorsales dua, radi flexilibus : ven-
trales conjuncte, infundibuliformes.. Branchiarum apertura contracta,
membrana 4-radiata.
: Typus Genericus Gobius niger. Pennant.
Head small. Eyes approximating. Dorsal fins two, the rays flexible.
Ventral fins united into the form of a funnel. Gill aperture contracted,
the membrane four-rayed.
Generic Type Gobius niger. Pennant.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
G. olivaceus, caudé atro-purpurea. Capite, operculis, pinnd dorsali et caudalt
longitudinaliter flavo-lineatis.
Olivaceous Goby. Tail obscure purple. Head, gills, dorsal and caudal
fins with yellow longitudinal lines.
Gobius Suerii. Risso Icth. p. 387. pl. 11. fig. 43.
——
Tuts beautiful little fish never exceeds the size here repre-
sented. It is not uncommon on the coast of Sicily in the spring
months : it has likewise been discovered on the shores of Nice
by Risso, who is its first describer: his figure, however, is so re-
markably bad, that it would be impossible to recognise it but
for his description: in fact, the fish is so delicate, that unless the
fins are very carefully expanded in water their form and colour-
ing will never be seen correctly, It has been named after
M.C. A. Le Sueur (who accompanied Peron in the French
circumnavigation), an able zoologist and most inimitable drafts-
man and engraver.
General colour pale olivaceous yellow, with a few obscure
large spots along the body somewhat brighter. ‘The head has
four yellow oblique bands, between which, and behind the eye,
1 ag
is a bright blue spot. Ventral fins blackish. The first dorsal
fin is trigonal, and has the third ray lengthened and longest ;
the three last rays tipt with deep-black; the second fin is length-
ened, broadest at the end, the membrane greyish-white with
narrow longitudinal lines of yellow. Caudal fin lanceolate,
pointed, blackish-purple, margined and marked with yellow lines
parallel with the borders. Pectoral fin ovately rounded, with
faint yellow transverse bands. Anal fin resembling the second
dorsal, greyish, with the margin dull-purple. Scales large, very
deciduous ; lateral line invisible ; lower jaw longest ; teeth mi-
nute. Body and fins semi-transparent. The first dorsal fin has
seven rays; the second fifteen; anal fifteen; pectoral twelve ;
caudal seventeen ; ventral fourteen.
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PLATYRHYNCHUS Ceylonensis.
Ceylonese Flat-bill.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum breve, rectum, depressissimum, ferme trigonum; mandibula superiore
ad apicem abrupté adunca, emarginata ; inferiore recta, breviore ; mar-
ginibus superioris inferiorem superplicantibus. Os et Nares longis rigi-
dis vibrissis obtecte. Nares, media inter apicem et hiatum rostri. Cauda
plerumque equalis, rectricibus duodecim. Pedes et Tarsi breves, graciles.
Typi Generici. Div. I. Todus Platyrhynchos.Gm. Div. IL. Muscicapa
barbata. Lath.
Bill short, straight, thin, very depressed, and nearly triangular; the upper
mandible abruptly hooked at the tip, and notched; the margins fold-
ing over those of the under mandible, which is straight and shorter.
Mouth and nostrils defended by long stiff bristles. Nostrils medial
between the tip and gape of the bill. Tail mostly even, of twelve
feathers. Legs and claws short, slender.
Generic Types. Div. I. Todus Platyrhynchos. Gm. Div. II. Muscicapa
barbata. Lath,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. olivaceus, subtus flavus ; capite mentoque cinereis.
Olivaceous Flat-bill, beneath yellow. Head and chin cinereous.
_——— EEO
Tue sober tints of this little bird accord more with those of
Europe than of India, of which country however it is a native,
having been sent from Ceylon to the British Museum: it is the
only one I have yet seen, and appears hitherto undescribed.
The stiff bristles at the corner of the mouth are nearly the
length of the bill, which is quite flattened: the tail is even, and
the whole bird in every respect but colour closely resembles the
bearded Flycatcher (Musc. barbata Lath.).
Cuvier and other modern zoologists have done much in distri-
buting the Linnean Muscicape into their natural families; but
Plis.
as we are acquainted with a great number from descriptions
only, the arrangement is by no means perfect.
The generic characters now given of the genus Platyrhynchos
(very slightly noticed by Vieillot) will be found perfectly appli-
cable to the separate divisions here formed; the first comprising
the Todus Platyrhynchos of Gmelin, and a few others having
the bill larger and more dilated than the second division, which
includes the present species, together with M.barbata, cerulea,
cuneata, aod no doubt many others. ‘The construction of the
bill in all these birds will be found precisely the same, though
more or less developed in each division, and even in the species ;
it thus becomes impossible to draw the line of demarcation with-
out refining too much on generic distinctions. ‘Their bills, al-
though so broad, are by no means stout; thus enabling them to
prey with greater readiness on the Lepidoptera and other large
winged insects with soft bodies; while the long stiff bristles at
the base of the bill seem intended to confine the resistance their
prey would otherwise make by their wings. The illustrious
Cuvier has well observed, that the true Flycatchers have the bill
longer, narrowed, less compressed, and the tip but slightly bent:
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PICUS rubiginosus.
Brown Woodpecker.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum polyedrum, rectum, in apicem compressum, cuneatum, attenuatum.
Nares basales, ovales, patule, plumis angustis recumbentibus tecte.
Lingua longissima, jaculatoria, apice sagittato. Cauda rectricibus validis,
rigidis, acuminatis, 10, intermediis duabus longioribus, Pedes scansorit.
Typus Genericus Picus viridis.
Bill many-sided, straight, the tip resembling a compressed pointed wedge.
Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with narrow recum-
bent feathers. Tongue very long, retractile, the tip barbed. Tail-
feathers ten, strong, rigid, acuminated; the two middle ones longest.
Feet climbing.
Generic Type Picus viridis.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. supra rubiginosus : vertice nigrescente ; occipite rubro, subtus fulvo, fusco-
Sasciato.
Above tawny rufous. Crown blackish; bind head crimson, beneath
fulvous, with brown transverse bands.
ee
Tue Woodpeckers form a most natural family of birds, and
are dispersed in every part of the known world, excepting the
Polar regions. Eight species inhabit Europe, five of which
~ are found in our own country. The largest however of these,
the Great Black Woodpecker, is very rare; and even the others
are less frequently seen than formerly, from the gradual diminu-
tion of our few remaining forests.
The present appears an undescribed species, and was sent
from the Spanish Main to E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield. [have
since seen the male, which, like many others of this genus, is
distinguished by a patch of red below the eye.
Total length, eight inches and a half; bill one inch long,
blackish ; front and crown cinereous black; the hind head and
Pl. 14.
nape crimson; a dusky whitish line (beginning at the nostrils)
includes the eye and ear-feathers; below this on each side
blackish, with longitudinal whitish dots, which in the male is
mixed near the bill with crimson; chin blackish, speckled with
white. The general plumage above is uniform tawny rufous
brown, becoming more olive on the rump. Under parts oliva-
ceous yellow, crossed with numerous close bands of blackish
brown. Quills with the inner web black, the margin pale yel-
low; shafts and outer web tawny ; tail the same, the shafts and
outer half black, excepting the last pair, which have yellowish
shafts and dusky tips. Wings inside, pale orange. Legs and
claws dusky green.
Two or three other individuals have since fallen under my
observation: the male I saw at Mr. Leadbeater’s, Animal Pre-
server, in Brewer-street, of whose liberality and integrity in
every way, | can bear the most unqualified and cheerful testi-
mony.
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LICINIA Melite.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antenne graciles ; clava elongatéd, fusiformi, compressd. Palpi brevissimi, viz
ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, squamis linearibus tecti, mar-
gine ciliati, articulo ultimo sub-nudo, secundo subequali. Abdomen elon~
gatum, gracile, in maribus 6-articulatum, articulo ultimo integro; valois
plerumque elongatis, attenuatis, apice acutis. Ala antice (in maribus)
anguste, obtust-attenuate, (in feminis ) latiores, oblique rotundate. Ale
postice (in maribus ) dilatate, longitudine anticis pene equales ; margine
antico opaco, in feminis breviores, suborbiculares.
Typus Genericus L, Melite. Nobis.
Antenne slender, the club elongated, fusiform, and compressed. Palpi
very short, hardly projecting beyond the head, compressed on the
tongue, covered with scales and margined externally with long hairs,
the last joint nearly naked and almost as long as the second joint.
Body elongated, slender, in the male with 6 joints, the last entire.
Valves generally elongated, attenuated, their tips acutely pointed.
Anterior wings (in the male) narrow, obtusely attenuated; in the
female broader, and obliquely rounded. Posterior (in the male) di-
lated, nearly as long as the anterior wings, the fore margin opaque ;
in the female shorter, and nearly orbicular.
Generic Type L. Melite.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
L. ( Mas.) alis flavis ; anteriore supra nigra, fascia obliqua flaca, et lined basuli
transversi, margine posteriore flavo. ( Fem.) Alis supra albis ; anteriore
apice stigmateque marginali obliquo nigris ; posteriore supra nigro mar-
ginatd, subtus (in utroque sexu) flavescente, lineis duabus transversis fuscis.
Male. Wings yellow, anterior above black, with an oblique yellow band
and transverse basal line; posterior margin yellow. Fem. Wings
above white; anterior, with the tips and marginal oblique stigma
black. Posterior, above margined with black; beneath (in both
sexes) yellow, with two transverse brown lines.
Papilio Melite. Fab. Ent. Syst. 160, 494. Cramer, tab. 153. C. D.
Tue remarkable size of the under wings in the male insects of
this genus will distinguish them even to a casual observer as
Fl. 15:
forming anatural group. They are all natives of South America,
where I discovered nine species. The females differ most strik-
ingly, and have hitherto been mistaken by authors not only for
distinct species, but as belonging to different genera.
Their natural situation will be among the Pieride, with whose
general habit they accord.
The female of this species resembles Pap. Licinia of Cramer,
except in having a short black stigma in the middle of the an-
terior border of the fore wings, pointing obliquely to the exte-
rior margin. Cramer’s insect, however, is the female of another
undescribed species in my cabinet.
The under side of the posterior wings in both sexes is the
same.
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ISMENE Q<‘dipodea.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antenne cylindracea, juxta medium crassissime, versus apicem subulate, articu-
lis numerosis brevissumis pene detectis. Palpi crassi sqguamosi, fronte ob-
tusd, lateribus compressis, marginibus exterioribus ciliatis, articulo ulti-
mo nudo, producto, subhorizontali, lineari, compresso, Oculi (in maribus )
magni. Corpus (in maribus) 7-articulatum, articulo ultimo supra ap-
pendice transverso truncate subemarginato terminante, subtus duobus un-
cis recurvis obtusis, fasciculo tectis ; articulo 1mo et ultimo brevissimis :
(in feeminis ) articulo ultimo producto, subacuminato,
Antenne cylindrical, thickest near the middle, the terminal half subulate ;
articulations numerous, very short, hardly perceptible. Palpi thick,
scaly; frontal side obtuse; lateral sides compressed; the margins
externally fringed with hair; the last joint naked, lengthened, nearly
horizontal, linear, compressed. Eyes (in the male) very large. Body
(in the male) of seven joints, the last with a transverse, slightly emar-
ginate, truncate appendage above; and two obtuse recurved hooks
below, concealed by a tuft of hair; the first and last segment shortest.
Body in the female with the last joint lengthened and pointed.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
I. alis supra fuscis, basi nitide-ceruled, posticis aurantio marginatis, subtis
rufo-fusco nebulosis, basi puncto nigro: anticis (in maribus) basi auran-
tiis, macula nigré tomentosé.
Wings above fuscous, shining blue at their base; posterior margined with
orange; beneath clouded with rufous and brown, and a black dot at
the base of the posterior wings. Anterior wings (in the male) orange
at the base, and a large velvet-like spot of black.
PR
Tue resplendent and changeable azure blue which ornaments
the body and part of the wings in this very singular insect, can
be but ill expressed in the figure. It is one of the many new
and interesting subjects in entomology discovered in Java by
Dr. Horsfeild; and by his kindness and liberality I am enabled
to add the figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis, which were
Pl. 16.
copied out of a fine series of drawings made in Java under his
own eye: they do not appear to differ in their formation from
others of this family, although the perfect insect possesses such
striking and peculiar generic characters; one of the many facts
which prove the impossibility of making the Larve a primary
consideration in forming the genera of Lepidoptera.
This is a rare insect, I have therefore been obliged to leave
the generic character imperfect, as the dissection of the mouth,
&c. would destroy the specimen. ‘The posterior margin in the
wings of the male is sinuated; in the female it is nearly straight ;
the underside of the wings in both sexes is the same; the an-
terior pair reddish-brown, paler in the middle ; the tip and pos-
terior margin whitish: inferior wings reddish-orange towards
the inner margin, with an obsolete central curved band of the
same, and a black dot at the base of the inferior wings. The
head, palpi, and thorax are margined with orange, less conspi=
cuous in the female.
Our knowledge of the genus Hesperia of Latreille(under which
the present insect would come) is little more than what was
known of Scarabeus twenty years ago; nor has Fabricius even
noticed one half of the species figured by Cramer. The larva
feeds on
GERTNERA Javensis
Foliis ovatis, obtust-acuminatis, caule volubili ramosissimo, ramulis diffusis,
deflexis,
a new species, discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfeild, who has
distinguished it by the above specific character. He informs
me the natives give it the name of Kakas-rambat, which last
word signifies twining or trailing. In the inflorescence and fruit
it differs not from G. racemosa.
BU LIMUS zonatus.
Zoned Bulimus.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 3.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
B. testa levi conicd; spire anfractibus quinque ; ultimo aliquantulum distorto ;
albis duabus fasctis ferrugineis inequalibus ; anfractu basilari rufo duabus
albis fasciis ; aperturd alba.
Shell smooth, conic, of five volutions, the last somewhat distorted ; white,
with two unequal ferrugineous bands; body whirl rufous, with two
white bands. Aperture white.
EE EEO
AsMaLu though very elegant shell, seldom seen in Collections ;
nor do I find such a description of it as will identify the species.
One figured by Martini, at tab. 134, fig. 1215, comes near it,
but differs sufficiently for a specific distinction.
Its precise locality is unknown: a fine specimen exists in my
father’s collection, who thinks it came from the East Indies; and
this is the only one I have yet seen.
The aperture is more round than ovate, and is less than one
half the total length of the shell; the outer lip much reflected,
and the transverse bands on the spiral whirls nearly obsolete.
F). 17.
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Dietracrcad Pere Ls iy
MITRA contracta.
Contracted Mitre—upper figure.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—Fi.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. (Div. 3.) testa sublevi; margine superiore anfractuum prominente, an-
Sractu basalt in medio contracto
Shell nearly smooth; upper margin of the volutions prominent; basal
whorl contracted in the middle.
AN undescribed species, for the loan of which I am indebted
to Mr. G. Humphrey, of Leicester-street, whose knowledge as
a collector, and integrity as a dealer, have gained him respect and
confidence through a long life: and it is.no less singular than true,
that many genera of modern authors, now universally adopted,
were formed by him near twenty-five years ago (under different
names) in the Museum Calonianum, printed in 1797.
Shell one inch and a half long, and smooth; the base and spire
with faint remote grooves ; the spiral whorls are scarcely convex,
and their upper margins prominent. Outer lip thick, effuse,
slightly reflected below, and contracted above. Pillar five-
plaited ; colour yellowish white, with two or three waved longi-
tudinal bands of orange, and a few others broad and remote on
the spire. A finer specimen I have since seen with Mr. Hum-
phrey’s was one inch three quarters long, the ground-colour
pure white, the aperture orange, and the bands rich orange-
chesnut,
Pl. 18.
MITRA australis.
New Holland Mitre.
M. (Div. 2) testa levissimé ; spiré elongata ; anfractibus basi castaneo-fuscis ;
fascia alba in basali anfractu, centrali. Columella 4-plicata.
Shell very smooth. Spire elongated, chesnut-brown; base of the spiral
volutions with a whitish band, which is central on the basal whorl.
Pillar four-plaited.
Dead shells of this new Mitre were received from Van Die-
man’s Land by Mr. Humphrey: it is perfectly destitute of
strie, excepting a few faint ones at the base: the mouth, which
is smooth inside, appeared in the few specimens he had, to be
unformed ; it is, however, sufficiently distinct from any other.
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TINAMUS Tataupa, var.
Tataupa Tinamou.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum mediocre, depressum, latius quam altum, apice rotundato obtuso; cul-
mine lato, excelso. ‘Nares laterales, media, ovate, patule, aperte. Pedes
setradactyli, fissi; halluce brevissimo, insistente. Cauda nulla, aut brevis-
sima, plumis uropygii obtecta. Ala breves. Temminck, vol. iil. p. 747.
Typus Genericus T’. rufescens. Latham.
Bill moderate, depressed, broader than high, tip obtuse, back broad. Nos-
trils lateral, medial, ovate, expanded and open. Feet four-toed, cleft;
hind toe very short. Tail none or very short, concealed by the ruamp-
feathers. Wings short.
Generic Type T. rufescens. Latham.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
T. corpore supra fusco-rufo, immaculato; capite et collo fusco-nigro; mento
albo; gula, collo, pectoreque cinereis; corpore infra albeseente ; uropygio
lateribusque posticis rufis aut nigris, pennis albo-marginatis.
Tinamou with the body above dusky-rufous, immaculate. Head and neck
dusky-black; chin white; throat, neck and breast, cinereous; body
beneath whitish; vent and flanks rufous or black, the feathers mar-
gined with white.
Tinamus Tataupa. Temminck Pig. et Gail. ili. p.590 et 752. Gen. Zool.
vol. xi. part 2. p. 416.
Tue Tinamous are entirely confined to the new world, where
they seem to hold the same scale in creation which the Par-
tridges do in the old continent. Our knowledge of these sin-
gular birds has been much increased by the writings of Professor
Temminck, who has described twelve species. The present bird
is nearly the smallest of its family: I found it only once in the
interior of Bahia in Brazil, where it must be very rare, or fre-
quent to particular districts only. Though differing in some re-
Pl. 19.
spects from the description of Temminck, | am inclined to con-
sider it merely as a variety.
Total length (excepting the legs) eight inches and a quarter.
The bill is one inch one line long from the gape, and, with the irides,
isred. The head and neck above blackish cinereous; the crown
much darker and tinged with brown, the rest of the upper plu-
mage uniform reddish-brown ; theedges of the wing-covers tinged
with pale cinereous; the spurious wings and quills greyish-
brown ; the chin is white, changing on the throat, neck, breast
and their sides to a pale lead-colour, which, on the body, again
becomes white ; the feathers on the flanks are blackish or rufous,
beautifully margined all round by white, with another internal
mark of the same kind; those on the vent are similarly marked,
but on a pale rufous ground; the thighs are rufous-white; the
under tail-covers rufous, marked by narrow undulated concen-
tric lines of black, the ends whitish. The length of the legs
(from the knee to the base of the middle toe) one inch two lines,
and from that to the tip of the claw one inch. Legs blueish-
purple. Hind toe very short, and elevated above the ground.
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PICUS Braziliensis.
Brazilian Woodpecker.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 14.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P, olivaceus, subtis fulvus, nigrescente-fasciatus ; cupite subcristato, supra ru-
bro, utrinque lineis olivaceis, fulvis, et rubris.
Olive Woodpecker : beneath fulvous, with transverse blackish bands. Head
sub-crested, above red, the sides with olive, yellow, and red streaks.
SSS EE
A wew species of this already extensive family, inhabiting the
interior of Brazil in the province of Bahia, where I met with it
but once. It was, I believe, first described in a paper I sent to
the Wermerian Society some time ago: the figure is less than
the natural size.
Total length nine inches. Bill not quite an inch, and blackish,
Irides yellow. Head slightly crested; the whole upper part
crimson. Orbits and cheeks olive-brown; beneath this a nar-
row line of tawny-yellow begins at the nostrils and passes down
the sides of the neck; next this is a similar stripe crimson on
the jaws and olive beyond, leaving the chin and throat in front
yellowish; the plumage aboveis tawny-olive. Quills black, with-
in edged with rufous: all the under parts tawny-yellow, trans-
versely banded with blackish lines ; inner wing-covers yellowish.
Tail three inches and a half long, the feathers black, unspotted,
and tinge? at their base with olive. Feet and claws lead-colour,
The neck is very slender. The only one I have yet seen was a
male.
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PROCNIAS hirundacea.
Swallow Fruit-eater.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum breve, trigonum, basi latissimum, dilatatum, versus apicem contractum:
mandibulis emarginatis ; marginibus intraflexis ; mandibuld superiore, to-
mus curvatis, carinatis; inferiore rectd, breviore. Nares late, basales,
subnude ; aperturis orbiculatis, approximantibus, apicem quam malam ma-
gis appropinquantibus, Lingua brevissima, angusta. Rictus amplissimi
infra oculos aperientes. -Pedes insidentes. Ale mediocres,
Typus Genericus Ampelis carunculata. Latham.
Bill short, triangular, base very broad, dilated, towards the end contracted ;
both mandibles notched, the margins bent inward; upper mandible
slightly curved and carinated above; lower mandible straight and
shortest. Nostrils broad, basal, nearly naked, the aperture much
nearer the tip than the gape of the bill. Tongue very short, narrow.
Mouth very large, opening beneath the eye. Feet formed for perch-
ing. Wings moderate.
Generic Type Carunculated Chatterer, Latham.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. (in maribus ) caerulea; fronte, jugulo, temporibusque nigris; corpore subtis
in medio albo, lateribus striis transversis nigrescentibus.
( Fam.) viridis ; mento temporibusque griseis ; corpore infra flavescente, striis
obscuré-viridibus transversis.
(Male) blue; front, throat, and temples black; middle of the body beneath
white, the sides with blackish transverse strie.
(Female) green; chin and temples grey; body beneath yellowish, trans-
versely striated with dusky-green.
——<—— ee
Tue birds of this genus are remarkable for the enormous width
of their mouths, which in some species exceeds that of the Swal-
low family, thus enabling them with ease to swallow the large
berries of the Medastome and other tropical shrubs, on which
they alone subsist; not on insects, as Cuvier asserts. Although
Pl. 21.
in the construction of their bills they perfectly resembie the
Swallows, their wings are not formed for long or rapid flight; and
their feet are much stronger, and calculated for searching among
branches for their food, in which situations I have frequently
seen them. The term “ pedes ambulatori,” or walking-feet, is
applied too generally, and should be confined to the gallinaceous
and Pigeon tribes.
This genus was formed by Count Hoffmansegg, and the pre-
sent is the smallest species known: our figure is of the male
bird. Total length about five inches and a half. The bill from
the angle to the tip measures seven lines ; but from the nostrils
only three lines and a half. ‘The middle of the body, vent, and
under tail-covers in the male are pure white; in the female yel-
lowish, with a line of olive-green down the middle of each shaft;
the quills, wing-covers, and tail-feathers are black, margined in
the male with blue, and in the female with green: the tail is
slightly forked. ‘The nostrils round and bare; the base of the
bill has a few weak setaceous hairs. ‘The legs resemble the true
Chatterers, having the outer toe rather longer than the inner, —
and attached to the base of the middle.
This is a scarce bird, apparently not hitherto described; I
met with it only three times in Bahia; but it appears more fre-
quent in the southern provinces of Brazil, specimens having been
sent me from Minas Geralis and Rio de Janeiro.
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TERIAS. Elvina.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antenne breves, clavd subtruncatd, compress. Palpi brevissimi curvati, vic
ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, densis squamis imbricatis in
totum éc%:, apwe nudo. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in maribus 6-ar-
ticuluium, uriiculo ultimo duobus uncis incurvatis approximantibus ; valois
latis, imcrassutis, truncatis, aduncis. Ale utroque sexu similes ; late, ob-
tuse, rotundute, wétegerrime.
Typus Genericus Papilio Hecabe. Linnzus.
Antenne short, the club somewhat truncate and compressed. Palpi very
short, curved, hardly projecting beyond the head, closely compressed
on the tongue, entirely covered with close imbricate scales, the tip
naked Bedy elongated, slender, in the male six-jointed, the last
with two approximating incurved hooks; valves broad, thickened,
fruncate, and hooked. Wings in both sexes alike, broad, obtuse,
rounded, very entire.
Generic Type Papilio Hecabe. Linneus.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
T. alis subdiaphanis, sulphureis, subtis immaculatis. Anticis supra apice ni-
gris, posticis (in maribus ) margine antico basi gibbosis. Fam. 2
Wings sub-diaphanous, pale sulphur; beneath immaculate. Anterior,
‘above with a black marginal tip; posterior (in the male) with the
fore-margin gibbous at the base. Female fr
Pieris Elvina. Godart in Encycl. Method. p. 158. no. 67.
Tuts is one of the smallest of Butterflies, and from the extreme
delicacy of its form seems to sanction with truth the poetic idea
of living “ but for a day.” [tis found in Brazil, inhabiting only the
_ deepest iorests, as if fearful its little life would be endangered by
the scorching rays of a tropical sun: in these sombre shades it
is seen to fly slowly and feebly near those spots where a ray of
the sun has partially entered the thick canopy of foliage above,
which is frequently fifty or sixty feet from the ground.
P22,
The genus I have now placed it in belongs to the Colzade, and
appears to connect that family with the Pieride: their distinc-
tions are obviously marked and very constant in all the species I
have yet seen, and which are tropical: of these, seven I disco-
vered in Brazil; three or four more are natives of the southern
extremity of North America; and Dr. Horsfeild has four or five
from Java. I know of none from Africa. Their size in gene-
ral is very small.
I think this species is the Pieris Elvina of Godart; although
the insect he mentions as the female is in reality that of his.
Pieris Neda. The true female I have never seen; I suspect it
will want the gibbous curve on the hinder wings of the male,
which sex is, indeed, not common, and is generally much smaller,
and sometimes half the size only, of the figure.
Papilio Nicippe of Cramer (tab. 210. fig. C. D.) strictly be-
longs to this genus, though placed in that of Colias by Godart,
as well as his Pierts Agave, Hecabe, and doubtless many others
not now before me.
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MITRA vittata.
Ribbon Mitre.
CHARACTER GENERICUS.
Testa inequaliter fusiformis, spiré producta attenuata; labio exteriore intis
edentato. Columella plicata.
DIVISIONES.
I. Apertura angusta, linearis, supra angulata, infra subcontracta.
Mitre vulpecula, plicata, $c.
Oss. Testa plerumque longitudinaliter plicata, equaliter fusiformis,
labio exteriore levi leviter undulato, interiore ad apicem intra
crassato; guld striata.
II, Apertura supra acuminata, infra angusta, extrinsecus curvata,
Voluta mitra-abbatis. Chemnitz, &c.
Oss. Testa plerumque spiré elongata, aperturé ad basin angustaté,
siphone superiore parvo aut nullo.
III, Apertura supra acuminata, extrinsecus recta, infra rotundata, dilatata, veh
effusa.
Oss. Testa plerumque levi ad basin obtusa, truncata, labio exteriore
Mitre papalis, episcopalis, &c.
margine crenato, guld levi.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Shell unequally fusiform; spire lengthened, attenuated; outer lip simple
not toothed within, Columella plaited.
DIVISIONS.
I. Aperture narrow, linear, above angulated, below a little contracted.
Mitre vulpecula, plicata, &c.
Oss. Shell generally longitudinally plaited, equally fusiform ;
outer lip smooth, slightly waved; top of the inner lip much
thickened within; throat striated.
II. Aperture above pointed, below narrowed, externally curved.
Voluta mitra-abbatis. Chemnitz, &c.
Oss. Shell generally with an elongated spire, the aperture below
narrowed; upper syphon or channel small or wanting.
2.23.
III. Aperture above pointed, externally straight, below rounded, widened
or effuse. :
Mitre papalis, episcopalis, §c.
Ops. Shell generally smooth, the base thick and truncated;
margin of the outer lip crenated; throat smooth. The smaller
shells of this division connect the genera Mitra and Colom-
bella (Lamarck).
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. testé angustd, basi cancellatd; spira plicis carinatis; interstitus sulcis
transversis confertis ; columella 4-plicata; gula 4 aut 5 striis remotis.
Shell narrow, base cancellated. Spire with carinated plaits, the interstices
with slender, crowded, transverse grooves. Pillar of four plaits;
throat with four to five remote striz.
——
Tuis superb shell is figured from a matchless specimen brought
home by that illustrious and lamented patron of science, the late
Sir J. Banks, from the Pacific Ocean: it is now, together with
his entire collection of shells and insects, in the Museum of the
Linnean Society.
It is of great rarity, and the present specimen far exceeds in
size any [ have yet seen. A very perfect one exists in my father’s
collection which measures only two inches one line long: it dif
fers slightly in wanting the lower white band and its inferior
border: there is also an additional small plait between the se-
cond and third, a variation not uncommon in the Linnean Vo-
lutes, and which lessens the importance of this character as a
specific distinction.
It is unfigured, and I believe undescribed, unless perhaps in
Solander’s MSS. In its small state it may have been overlooked
as one of the numerous varieties of M. vulpecula; but the sharp
angulated plaitings, the cancellated base, and the numerous
faintly-grooved lines on the spire, as well as the more slender
and lengthened form, will at once distinguish it: its colours also
are very striking and dissimilar.
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CONG@IIX.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa coniformis ; spira brevissima; labium exterius simplex ; columella plica-
ta; apertura linearis, angusta, spird longior.
Typus Genericus Conelixv lineatus. Nobis.
Shell coniform. Spire very short. Outer lip simple. Columella or pil-
lar plaited. Aperture linear, narrow, longer than the spire.
Generic Type Conelix lineatus.
CONC LIX marmoratus.
Marbled Conelix—upper figures.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
C. testa striis transversis, remotis, capillaribus ; spira subproducté, acuminatd ;
anfractibus in medio lined sulcatéd ; labio exteriore crenato.
Shell with remote capillary transverse striz. Spire slightly produced,
acuminated; the whorls with a central indented line. Outer lip
crenated.
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THE rare little shells composing the group I have now formed
into the genus Conalix, seem to have escaped the observation of
modern systematic writers. They form a beautifully defined
link connecting the Cones with the Volutes, strictly so termed,
and their generic characters seem to be very constant and clear.
The present species varies more or less in the regularity of its
tessellated markings. The inside of the mouth is brown, and the
pillar has five plaits. Several specimens are in the Banksian Ca-
binet, from the Pelew Islands. The figures are enlarged to one
half more than the natural size.
CONQLIX lineatus.
Lineated Conalix—middle figures.
C. testa lavi, albescente, lineis transversis, fulvis, capillaribus ; spiré depressé,
apice prominulo; columella 6-plicata.
Shell smooth, whitish, with transverse capillary fulvous lines, Spire de-
pressed, the apex prominent. Pillar six-plaited.
Pl, 24,
Figured of the natural size. ‘The volutions of the spire are
somewhat convex ; the coloured lines are not indented. Inhabits
the South Seas?
CONCLIX punctatus.
Punctured Conelir—lower figures.
C. testa fulvo-albescente, striis transversis capillaribus, intra minuté punctatis ;
spira brevi ; columella 5-plicata.
Shell cream-colour, with capillary transverse strie, which are minutely
punctured. Spire short. Pillar five-plaited.
Inhabits Otaheite: from the Banksian Collection. The figures
are on the same scale as C. marmoratus.
These are the only three species which I have myself seen.
Another is figured in Chemnitz x. tab. 150. fig. 1415 and 6.
Mr. Humfreys informs me he has seen at different times five or
six others, all of a small size.
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PROCNIAS melanocephalus.
Black-headed Fruiteater.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI, 21.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. oliva-viridis, subtus flavescens, striis fuscis transversis, capite omnino ii-
gro.
Olive-green, beneath yellowish, with dusky transverse strix. Head en-
tirely black.
Se $$
Awortuer new and very rare bird of this singular genus,
inhabiting, like all the other species, the tropical regions of
America. I met with it n Brazil but twice in the forests of
Pitanga, not far distant from Bahia; and my hunters were at a
loss for its name, never having seen it before: the eyes in the
fresh bird are of a beautiful crimson.
Its total length is nine inches and a quarter; the bill is nine
lines from the gape to the tip, and four from the base of the nos-
trils, at which part the bill is not so proportionably broad as in
the Swallow Berryeater (pl.2t.): the colour blueish-black, paler
at the base: the whole head, sides, chin, and part of the throat
are black, the feathers of the crown a little lengthened and
pointed, giving a slight appearance of a crest: the wings and
tail are dusky-black on the inner shafts and green on the outer ;
the whole of the upper plumage olive-green, and of the under
pale greenish-yellow crossed with short dusky transverse lines
from the breast downwards; under wing and tail-covers the
same. ‘Tail four inches from the base, slightly divaricated, and
of twelve feathers. Wings four inches and a half, the first quill
very short, the third, fourth and fifth of equal length. Legs
black.
This was a male bird: the female [ have not seen.
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ALCEDO azurea.
Azure Kingsfisher.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum longissimum, rectum, attenuatum, altius quam latius, in totum compres=
sum, mandibulis carinatis ; marginibus lateralibus leviter infleais. Nares
basales, membrana tecte, apertura nuda, lineari, obliqua ; cauda plerum-
gue brevissima, Pedes gressorii, digito antico interiore minimo aut nullo.
Typus Genericus Alcedo ispida. Linn.
Bill very long, straight and attenuated, higher than broad, compressed the
whole length, both mandibles carinated, the margins slightly bent
inwards. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane; the aperture linear,
oblique, and naked. Tail mostly very short. Feet gressorial, inner
fore-toe small or wanting.
Generic Type Common Kingsfisher. Lath. Bewick, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
A. corpore supra, capitis lateribus colloque nitido cyaneis ; subtus rufis ; mento
gulaque albescentibus, alis nigricantibus ; digito antico interiore nullo.
Body above, sides of the head and neck shining mazarine blue; beneath
rufous: chin and throat whitish; wings blackish; inner fore-toe
wanting.
Alcedo azurea. Azure Kingsfisher. Lath. Synop. Suppl. ii. p. 372.
Lewin’s Birds of New Holland, fasc. i. pl. 1.
Alcedo Tribrachys. Tridigitated Kingsfisher. Shaw in Gen. Zool. viii. 1.105.
—_— i
Tue Kingsfishers have such a general similarity of form, that the
most casual observer is able to distinguish them: a very long
straight bill, short wings, and (in general) a shorter tail with very
small legs, are the prominent distinctions of such as are usually
seen; and the richness of plumage that generally pervades them
cannot be better exemplified than in our own beautiful species, the
common Kingsfisher, not unfrequent in many parts of England.
These birds, hitherto placed in systems under one genus,
nevertheless contain two distinct groups differimg materially in
the construction of that primary organ of supporting life, the
bill; and in their physical distribution, or the countries they re-
spectively inhabit, two most important considerations in the na-
Pl. 26.
iural arrangement of animals under the present elevated views
of the philosophic zoologist, with whom the study of Nature con-
sists no longer in the study of words, the retention of names, or
even the accurate description of species.
These considerations have induced me to form these birds into
two genera, the definitions of which are now given: those re-
tained under the old genus of Alcedo appear to be scattered
(though sparingly) in every part of the old and the new world.
Their bills seem formed for swallowing their food more in an en-
tire state, similar to the Herons. In each of these genera one
species exists with only three toes, a remarkable circumstance,
which in an artificial system would endanger their being united
in a separate genus ; but which, from the remarkable smallness
of the inner toe in all the other species, cannot I apprehend point
out any peculiarity either in their habit or economy: and this
opinion I find is likewise entertained by Professor 'Temminck.
Total length seven inches and a quarter. Bill from the gape
two inches one line, the upper mandible rather longest, and both
with a slight appearance of a notch; the colour black. All the
upper plumage, as well as the sides of the head, ears, and stripe
beyond, fine ultramarine blue, more vivid on the rump and tail-
covers, and duller on the tail, wing-covers, and lesser quill-mar-
gins; front blackish; from the nostrils to the eye a whitish line,
and from the ears on each side the neck a whitish stripe, which
almost forms a collar round the nape. Quill-feathers sooty black.
All the under parts orange ferrugineous ; throat and belly nearly
white. ‘Tail very short, nearly hid by the upper covers. Feet
red, claws black. The inner fore-toe wanting, but a slight ru-
diment of it exists in my specimen.
Since writing the above, I find this bird is figured and de-
scribed in a beautiful work commenced by Lewin on the birds
of New Holland, which Mr. Brown, the learned possessor of the
Banksian library, pointed out tome. I believe but a few copies
are known. Lewin observes, “ it inhabits heads of rivers, visit-
ing dead trees, from the branches of which it darts on its prey in
the water beneath, and is sometimes completely immersed by
the velocity of its descent.”
Dr. Latham has very well described it, but quite overlooked
the construction of the feet.
2
27.
HALCYOWN collaris.
Collared Crabeater.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum longissimum, rectum, validum, ad basin latins quam altius, lateribus te-
tragonis ; mandibula superiore rectissima, ad basin rotundata ; inferiore
carinata, recurvata, margine superioris inferiorum obtegente. Nares ba-
sales, membrana tecte, apertura nuda, lineari obliqua. Cauda plerumque
mediocris. Pedes gressorii, digito antico interiore minimo aut nullo.
Typus Genericus Alcedo Senegalensis. Linn.
Bill very long, straight, thick, the base broader than high; the sides tetra-
gonal: upper mandible very straight, the base rounded; under man-
dible beneath carinated and recurved, the margins covered by those
of the upper.. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane, the aperture
naked, linear and oblique. Tail mostly moderate. Feet gressorial’:
interior fore-toe small or wanting.
Generic Type Crabeating Kingsfisher. Latham.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
H. viridi-cerulea; corpore subtus, lunulaque cerviculi albis.
Greenish-blue. Body beneath and nuchal collar white.
Alcedo collaris. Latham Index Ornith. i. 250.
Sacred Kingsfisher, Var. D. Latham Syn. il. p. 623.
Collared Kingsfisher. Gen. Zool. vill. i. p. 80.
——<—— een
Rererrine to the observations we have already made on
Kingsfishers generally, it will be only necessary to observe, that
the species now formed into the genus Halcyon appear entirely
excluded from the American continent: their bills are much
stronger, thicker, and more rounded than the genuine Kings-
fishers, and the under mandible beneath invariably carinated and
curving upwards, One of them (the Alcedo Senegalensis of
Latham) is known to feed on crabs, the breaking and disjoint-
ing of which this structure seems admirably calculated to ac-
complish; and although some authors mention insects also as
Bl. 8Y
their food, I apprehend it is only in the absence of other larger ~
prey more suited to the construction of their bills. ;
Total length eight inches anda half. Bill two inches three ~
lines from the gape, and one inch three quarters from the nos- —
trils; upper mandible and margin and lip of the lower, black,
the rest yellowish-white. ‘The general plumage above is pale
and changeable greenish-blue, the green predominating on the
scapulars, head and tail; the upper part of the neck is crossed.
by a white collar, separated from the green of the head by a nar-
row margin of black, which passes on the ear-feathers round the
nape; a narrow whitish line runs from the nostrils to the eye-
brows, and another very short one is beneath the eye ; the whole
of the under plumage white. Quills black edged with blue, the
second, third and fourth equal and longest. Wings four inches
and a quarter. ‘Tail even, near three inches long, above blue-
ereen, beneath black. Feet dusky ; middle and outer claws much
longer than the leg.
Inhabits Java and other parts of India, and is I believe un-
figured. The line at the bottom of the plate is on the scale of
a
an ich.
Since writing the above, Temminck’s new edition of the Ma-
nuel d’ Ornithologie has just reached me, in which I perceive he
has continued the birds of this genus under that of Alcedo, ob-
serving that their plumage is always shining, and that he can find
no characters for their geographic distribution: yet, notwith-
standing the opinion of this eminent ornithologist, a close atten-
tion will I believe prove, first, that no species of Linnean AL
cedo bearing the characters of [falcyon have yet been discovered
as natives of America; and ‘secondly, that species of genuine
Alcedo will be found with plumage quite devoid of any bright
or shining colours. One or two exist in my own cabinet, but
to which I cannot now refer.
The situation of Halcyon will be between Alcedo and Dacelo;
from the last of which it is distinguished by its perfectly straight,
acute, and entire upper mandible, which, on the contrary, in
Dacelo is notched, the tip bent and obtuse.
Rig
HESPERIA Haworthiana.
Haworth’s Hesperia,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antenne mediocres vel elongate, recta, graciles ; clava subterminali, brevi, cras
sata, cylindracea ; unco abrupto, brevi, acuminato. Palpi in fronte com-
pressi, incurvati, lateribus convexis vel angulatis, articulo ultimo erecto,
verticuli, Ale (sedentes ) erecta.
DIVISIONES.
I. Palpi lati, in fronte compressissimi, Antenne breves, clava crassissima.
II. Palpi pene quadrati, crassissimi. Antenne elongate.
III. Palpi articulo ultimo longiore, gracile. Antenne mediocres.
Typus Genericus Hesperia Comma Auctorum.
Antenne moderate or elongated, straight, slender, the club nearly termi-
nal, short, thick, cylindric, ending in an abrupt, short and pointed
hook. Palpi compressed, incurved in front of the head, the sides
convex or angular; the last joint erect, pointing vertically. Wings
when at rest erect.
DIVISIONS.
I. Palpi broad, very compressed in front. Antenne short, the club very
thick. :
II. Palpi nearly square, very thick. Antenne elongated,
IlI. Palpi with the last jomt lengthened, slender. Antenne moderate.
Generic Type Hesperia Comma of Authors.
SPECIRIC CHARACTER.
Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, basi nitido-ceruleis, anticis fascia
mediali hyalina, posticis subtus fuscis, lineis duabus longiiudinalibus vi-
ridi-flavis ; pedibus fusco-aurantiis.
Hesperia (Div. 2.). Wings above blackish-brown, the base shining blue;
anterior with a medial liyaline band; posterior beneath brown, with
two longitudinal yellow-green lines, Legs brownish-orange.
ei re
THE celebrated Latreille, the father of modern Entomology, has
well observed, that the immense number of insects crowded to«
Pl, 28.
gether in the genus Hesperia contain many natural genera, but
which the paucity of species generally found in cabinets prevents
us from discriminating. Having for a long time paid attention
to this family, and possessing near 300 species in my own cabi-
net, I have had the opportunity of attempting their élucidation ;
and the above generic character is applied to those insects only
_which I propose considering genuine species of the genus Hes-
peria, and which will comprise near 170 species.
1 have named this new, undescribed and very rare insect, in
honour of my esteemed friend A. H. Haworth, Esq. F.L.S., &c.,
well known by the benefits his writings have conferred on the
sister sciences of entomology and botany. ‘The only two insects
T ever saw of this species I captured in the southern part of
Brazil.
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MITRA cancellata.
Basket Mitre—upper figure.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 23.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. (Div. 2.) testa fusiformi, cancellata ; striis longitudinalibus incrassatis, spira
aperturaque equalibus ; columella 5-plicata ; spira sublavi.
Shell fusiform, cancellated, the longitudinal striz thickened; spire and
aperture of equal length; pillar five-plaited; spire nearly smooth.
EER ewess
ANOTHER undescribed species of this elegant family, and of
great rarity, in the private collection of Mr.G. Humfreys. The
whole of the body whorl and commencement of the spire is can-
cellated. The longitudinal striaw are crowded, thickened, and
slightly elevated, giving a crenated appearance to the suture: the
transverse striz slender, and filling up the interstices. The spire
is nearly smooth and a little bent: the ground colour very light
orange, with three darker interrupted bands on the body: whorl
separated by two slender lines of the same colour; the spiral
whorls have only two bands and a line between ; the upper mar-
gins slightly compressed on the suture; the outer lip within
smooth.
Pl, 29.
MIT RA nigida.
Ribbed Mitre—middle figures.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. testa costis longitudinalibus, elevatis, linearibus, integris, interstitiis levibus
ad basin granulatis ; spira producta ; columella 4-plicata ; apertura brevi.
Shell with elevated, longitudinal, obtuse, entire ribs, the interstices smooth,
the base granulated; spire lengthened ; pillar four-plaited; aperture
short.
Equally rare, and from the same collection as the preceding.
In habit it approaches nearest to M. exasperata of Chemnitz,
but has not the ribs angulated or their interstices striated, and
is much more narrowed at the base than in that shell, which I
have seen: the outer lip is also smooth; the inside strongly
striated. ‘This shell was formerly in the collection of Mr. Keate,
the elegant author of the “ Sketches from Nature.”
ACHATINA marginata.
Marginated Achatina.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa ovata, vel oblonge-ovata, spira elevata, apertura subovale. Colwmella
levis, simplex, ad apicem truncata; labium externum tenue, internum
inflecum integrum ; umbilicus nedlus.
Typus Genericus Bulla Achatina, Linn.
Shell ovate, or oblong-ovate ; spire elevated; mouth nearly oval. Colu-
mella smooth, simple, truncated. Outer lip thin; inner lip entirely
inflexed. Umbilicus none.
Generic Type Bulla Achatina, Linn.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
A. testa ovato-oblonga, strigis inequalibus ferrugineis ; spira ad apicem obtuse,
5-voluta; sutura depressa linea sulcata marginal,
Shell ovate-oblong, with irreeular ferrugineous stripes; spire obtuse at the
top, of five volutions; the suture depressed, with a marginal indented
line.
Lister 579. fig. 84. Gualt. pl. 45. B. Knorr, wol. iv. tab. 24. 1. (badly
coloured.)
oo
Tue largest shells hitherto discovered as inhabiting the dry land
belong to this genus, instituted by the celebrated Lamarck, but
still divided by the strict followers of Linneus between the Bulle
and Helices, with a singular infelicity of even artificial arrange-
ment. ‘The simple characters peculiar in a greater or less de-
gree to all, will readily distinguish them; and I apprehend most
of the species of the first division (which includes the present)
will be found to inhabit only the African continent, while Bud/a
virginea and the smaller shells placed in the second division are
found principally in the new world; where also two or three
gigantic species of Bulimus occupy the place of the larger Afri-
can Achatine.
Of these, the shell now figured is one of the rarest, and has
Pl. 30.
nitherto been overlooked as a variety of the Linnean Bulla
Achatina; the colour of both is subject to much variation ; but
this will be found at best a most indecisive and vague character
for specific distinction when unaccompanied by others more
important and connected with the formation of shells. I have
therefore not hesitated in making this a distinct species, from
having had the means of examining at different times near twenty
specimens, all of which presented the following characters.
Spire of five whorls, the last or terminal one very small and
flattened ; the apex obtuse ; the suture depressed, as if flattened
on the shell, and margined by one or sometimes two indented
lines, parallel, and at the top of each whorl. In the colour of its
mouth it varies in sometimes having a tinge of rose-colour at the
base and top of the spire, but the mouth is more generally white.
The body whorl is more or less ventricose; the outer lip is a
little reflected, and the whole shell, when full grown, much thicker
and heavier than any of the other species. The epidermis is
yellowish-brown, beneath which the shell is nearly white, beau-
tifully marked with broad remote stripes of chesnut, with others
more slender (and sometimes broken into spots) between. I have
another specimen which agrees tolerably with Lister’s figure in
being more than usually ventricose, and which I think is acci-
dental. The only constant variety appears to be that figured by
Knorr, i. tab. 3. fig. 1. having the spire entirely rose-colour. _
The marginal line and the correct number of whorls in the
spire are well expressed in the figures of Lister, Gualtieri and
Knorr. The first of these figures is accidentally more ventricose;
the second, like all the other figures of Gualtieri, is defective at
the apex; and Knorr’s I suspect has been outrageously coloured
from the real pink-mouthed Achatina.
It inhabits the coast of Guinea; and I am informed the ani-
mal is eaten by the natives.
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PHIBALURA cristata.
Crested Shortbill.
GENERIC CHARACTER
{Phibalura Vieillot.)
Rostrum brevissimum, trigonum, latius quam altum ; mandibula superiore culmine
subcurvata carinata ; wnferiore recta; utrisque marginatis. Nares basales,
simplices, subrotunde, plumulis densis incumbentibus in totum obtecte. Rictus
ampli, infra oculos aperientes. Ale attenuate, remigibus spuriis nullis, Cauda
elongata, furcata, rectricibus duodecum. Pedes wnsidentes, digitis anticis equa=
liter fissis, ad basin subconnexis.
Bill very short, triangular, broader than high; upper mandible above slightly
curved and carinated ; lower mandible straight, both notched, Nostrils
simple, basal, roundish, entirely concealed by thick- set incumbent fea-
thers. Mouth large, opening beneath the eye. Wings pointed; spurious
quills none. Tail elongated, forked, of twelve feathers. Feet formed for
sitting; the fore-toes equally cleft and slightly connected at their base.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. corpore supra nigro fievo variegato ; sublus albo, fasciis nigris lransversis ; mento
flavo, capitis crista rufa nigro variegato, alis caudaque elongata furcata, cha-
lybeis wnmaculatis.
Above black varied with yellow; beneath white, with transverse black bands ;
chin yellow. Head crested, the feathers rufous, varied with black. Wings,
and elongated forked tail raven-black, immaculate.
————— —
For this beautiful and extraordinary bird I am indebted to Miss
_E. Yeates, of the Dingle near ieerpal who received it from South
America. Its gener al habit clearly points it out as belonging to the
Baccavore or Berryeaters, apparently connecting the genera Proe-
mias and Pipra, where Temminck with much judgement has also
placed it, in the new edition of his Manuel d’ Ornithologie j just re-
ceived, and before reading which I had considered the genus as un-
published.
The total length is nine inches, of which the tail occupies four and
a half. The bill is whitish, and is remarkably short, measuring
only three lines from the nos trils to the tip, but three quarters of an
inch from the angle of the mouth, which opens just under the eye :
the plumage is singularly variegated: the crown of the head is fur-
nished with acrest, which, when not elev ated, is scarcely seen, and
appears a deep glossy black mixed with grey and rufous; but when
erected it is very conspicuous, and all the feathers are bright rufous
tipt more or less with black; the upper sides of the head grey, the
lower part and ears deep-black ; the neck above is greyish-white,
with blackish transverse lines: the back, scapulars, rump and tail-
covers are varied transversely with olive, shining black, and bright
yellow, each feather being olive at the base, black jn the middle, and
yellow at the tip. Beneath the feathers of the’chin and part of the
throat are somewhat lengthened, semi-setaceous, and of a bright yel-
low; the neck and breast are white, with two transverse lines of dee p
black on each feather; these lines diminish, and are broken ito
Pl 31.
spots on the body, and nearly disappear on the vent: the edges of the
breast-feathers are tipt with yellow, which colour increases down-
wards on the vent and tail-covers, which latter are entirely yellow.
The wings are four inches long, uniform deep black with a blue gloss,
much pointed, and calculated for rapid flight. Tail the same colour,
the exterior basal margins olive: all the feathers are narrow, pointed,
and gradually lengthening, the middle pair being two inches three
quarters longer than the outer pair, which exceed those next them
by aninch. The feet are very pale yellow, and three-quarters of an
inch from the knee to the claws, the three foremost of which are
equally connected together (though slightly) nearly as far as the first
joint; the outer and inner toes equal, and rather shorter than the
hind-toe: claws slender and much compressed.
Whether this species is the same as the one mentioned by Tem-
minck as existing in the French Museum under the name of P. fla-
virostris, it 1s quite impossible to say, as the description of that bird
has never been published. ‘This leads me to notice a custom several
naturalists of the present day have lately adopted, of publishing names,
and names only, of new or undescribed animals, which they then wish
to be considered as permanently fixed, and as having thus secured to
themselves all the merit of first describing. Now this at best is but
a surreptitious path to fame, and in many instances bears the ap-
pearance of originating In a petty vanity, quite beneath the dignity
of true science : it is easily fixing a name to an object which we
have not before seen, or suspect may be new, without the trouble of
investigating authors and comparing synonyms: the name may re-
main, but if it should afterwards be discovered as hasty and erro-
neous, its author is in no way amenable to the opinions and criti-
cisms of others, for they cannot discover such mistakes when no
clue is given them beyond a name, which may frequently be appli-
cable to half a dozen species. If, on the other hand, the object is
really new, the scientific world is still in the dark, tor without a de-
scription the name conveys nothing. Besides this, it has a tendency
to deprive those writers of their well-earned merit, who undergo the
laborious but necessary investigation of books, the examining and
comparing of specimens, and the construction of sound characters
previous to their publishing a new addition to the great volume of
Nature. Against this sctentific monopoly a stand should be made,
and all names either of families, genera, or species should be totally
rejected, unless their meaning is clearly defined. Let those who run
the race, receive the wreath; and not let it be snatched from the
winning-post by another, who jumps from behind and claims it as
his own.
On a careful examination of my specimen, I find the nostrils are
not covered by a membrane, as observed by Temminck, but are
open, obliquely and ovately round, and a narrow rim round the
margin. ‘That excellent ornithologist likewise remarks that the first
and second quill-feathers are the longest; but my bird (which, how-
ever, is in full plumage) has the first and third of equal length and
shorter than the second, which is longest. These nice distinctions —
lead me to supposethe species from which his generic character was
taken, is distinct from this.
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PSARIS Cuvierii.
Cuvier’s Psaris.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum walidum, crassum, conicum, basi rotundatum, versus apicem leviter
compressum, culmine convexo non carinato ; mandibulis emarginatis, sus
periore apice adunca. ares basales, simplices, rotunda, juxta marginem
site, basi paucis plumulis setaceis incumbentibus. Pedes simplices, tribus
digitis anticis equaliter fissis. Remiges spurie nulle, Cauda brevis:
rectricibus duodecim equalibus.
Typus Genericus Lanius cayanus. Linn., Lath., &c.
Bill strong, thick, conic, the base rounded, towards the top slightly com-
pressed, the top convex, not carinated; both mandibles notched, the
tip of the upper hooked. Nostrils basal, simple, round, situated near
the margin, the base with a few short incumbent setaceous feathers.
Feet simple, the three fore-toes equally cleft. Spurious quills none.
Tail short, of twelve equal feathers.
Generic Type Lanius cayanus. Linn., Lath., &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. oliwaceus, subtus albidus ; capite supra nigro ; occipite temporibus et colli la-
teribus cinereis ; pectore lateribus tegminibusque infernis flavis.
Olive, beneath whitish; crown black; nape, sides of the head and neck
pale cinereous; breast, sides, and under wing-covers yellow.
— EE ————————
Tue genus Psaris was first instituted with great propriety by
Cuvier; and before the discovery of the species now made
known, was supposed to consist of only one, the Cayenne Shrike
of Latham, which with the present bird (named in honour of the
first zoologist of the age) is found in Brazil. The figure is nearly
of the natural size.
Total length five inches and a half. Bill blueish, three quar-
ters of an inch from the angle of the mouth, and four-tenths
from the nostrils, which are ovately round, rather large, and
simple, being entirely devoid of an external membrane, but the
Pl. 32.
base 1s partially covered with smail thick-set, short, setaceous
feathers; between the eye and base of the bill are a few weak
and short hairs; the upper part of the head, as far as the nape,
is capped by deep-black, having a blueish gloss: between the
nostrils and the eye, as well as on the chin and throat, the colour
is white, which changes to a pale cinereous grey on the sides of
the head and round the neck; the ears at their base and margin
of the eye tinged with yellow; the rest of the upper plumage
yellowish-olive. The under plumage on the lower part of the
neck and breast, the sides, and the inner wing-covers are clear
yellow, and from that to tlie vent white. Wings two inches long,
the quills brown, margined externally with olive and internally
with yellow ; the first and second quill progressively shorter than
the third and fourth, which are of equal length. ‘Tail short,
slightly divaricated; olive, with whitish marginal tips. Legs
blueish-black ; the three fore-toes are equally cleft, but a mem-
brane will be found connecting them equally at the base nearly
as far as the first joint. ;
Temminck must’ be mistaken in giving as a generic character
to this genus, that the external toe is connected to the middle
one as far as the first joint, and the inner toe cleft to the base;
at least such is not the case either in my specimens of this bird
or in those of the Cayenne Shrike: and they have been care-
fully relaxed in warm water, the best method of ascertaining
such peculiarities.
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TAMYRIS Zeleucus.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antenne arcuate, clava terminali, crassata, lineari, obtusa, in famimis graci-
liore attenuata. Palpi in frente convexe-compressi, supra linguam ob-
venientes, articulo ultimo minutissimo, crassato obtuso, approximante, pro-
clivi. Ale breves, sedentes horizontaliter divaricate.
Antenne arcuated; the club terminal, thick, linear, obtuse; more slen-
der and attenuated in the female. Palpicompressed convexly on the
front of the head, meeting above the tongue; the last jomt very mi-
nute, thick, obtuse, approximating and bent forward. Wings short,
when at rest horizontally divaricated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, ETC.
T. Alis chalybeis concoloribus, margine albo; capite apweque corporis sangui=
neis.
Wings uniform blueish-black, with a slender white margin. Head and
top of the body bright red.
Hesp. Zeleucus. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. pt. 1. p. 346. no. 317.
EE
Tuts insect is the most common (although hitherto unfigured) of
a striking natural group belonging to the Hesperide@; it has there-
fore been selected as the best example for the genus I have now
formed them into.. [ have not seen more than twelve or four-
teen species, and these were all from different parts of South
America, to which I have no doubt the genus is exclusively con-
fined. The club of their antenne is very thick, obtuse, and
without any terminal hook. ‘The bright red at the end of the
abdomen (improperly called by Fabricius the tail) is most con-
spicuous in the female, which is also larger and having the wings
more obtuse, of which the upper and under surfaces are both
alike.
The insects of this family fly with amazing rapidity (as is shown
by the thickness of their thorax, and the sharpness in the make
of their wings), generally frequenting openings of thick woods
and alighting on leaves where the sun strikes: I seldom saw
them on flowers. ‘Their wings when at rest are half expanded
in a horizontal direction. Their metamorphosis is unknown.
This individual species is scarce in the northern parts of Bra-
zil, but common in the southern provinces.
P53.
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COLIAS Godartiana.
Godart’s Colias.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 5.
.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
C. ( Fam.) alis flavescente-fulvis, anticis supra margine puncloque rotundato
medio nigris, subtus argenteo rufo 3-fisso, posticis subtus puncto gemino ar-
genteo margine nigro, uno quadrato ; palpis productis.
(Female) Wings fulvous-yellow ; anterior above with the outer margin and
round central spot black, which beneath is silvery rufous and three-
cleft; posterior beneath each with two silvery spots margined with
black, one of which is quadrangular. Palpi lengthened.
? | 5 Pp te)
8 a
An inspection of a vast number of insects of this genus, with
the possession of nearly all the species noticed by authors, con-
vinces me that the insect now figured is perfectly distinct from any
other. [tis in the cabinet of Mr. Haworth, who obligingly lent
it me for comparison and description, and is the only individual
I have hitherto met with. The prolongation of the palpi, which
is even more obvious than in C. Statira, is alone a specific di-
stinction ; and the form of the spots both on the upper and under
side differs very much in character from that insect, with which it
has the most affinity. It may be the Papilio Drya of Fabr.
(omitting his references); but his description, whether intended
for this insect or any other, is so vague that [ can see no advan-
tage in retaining it. Of the two bright silver spots beneath, one
is oval, the other larger and quadrangular.
I have named it in honour of M. Godart, the intelligent co-
adjutor of M. Latreille in the entomological part of the Encyclo-
pédie Méthodique.
P}. 34.
*
MITRA bDifasciata.
Double-banded Mitre.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—Scee PI. 23.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. (Div.1.) testé levi, castaneo-fusca concolore, anfractu basali fasctis dua-
bus angustis flavescentibus, spira unifasciatd apertura levi.
Shell smooth, uniform chesnut-brown, with two narrow yellowish bands
on the basal whorl, and one on the spire; aperture smooth.
Voluta caffra. Martini iv. tab. 148. fig. 1369.
Knorr. vol. v. tab. 19. fig. 4, 5.
——————EE—E EE
Tuts most elegant shell has been figured from one of the spe-
cimens that belonged to the late Mr. Jennings, who was well
known to spare neither expense nor assiduity in procuring the
most select and matchless specimens of every species ; so much
so, indeed, that such as are known to have been in his posses-
sion generally bear a higher price. One of these is now in my
father’s cabinet, the other in that of Mrs. Bolton, of Storr’s-hall,
Windermere. [ have seen both, and they appear equally fine.
I cannot help considering this as a distinct species from Mitra
caffra (Voluta caffra Linn.), with which it has hitherto been
placed only as a variety: it is much larger, the volutions more
convex, but compressed on the suture, and the whole shell (ex-
cept near the point) perfectly smooth : the beak or channel like-
wise, which in M. caffra is short and nearly straight, is in this
lengthened and recurved. ‘The mouth is very narrow (occa-
sioned by the outer lip being thick and slightly inflexed) and
smooth within, the terminal volutions slightly plaited, and the
base of the shell grooved.
The figures of Knorr and Martini are very bad, and give no
correct idea of the shell, except its colour.
PL 35:
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at ‘
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: ed Sey 7
ae g : J ako ty
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> Ti lite. ; see += SURE?
yoy Coody Gatk Tplaty TE
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A ~h3 : rity » Sy 0
ed AG (ft SE ary
Lu! Pipa’ t Leen
iP9t . bathe Vis PMisAtS }
if anya ntik Pst iy ane
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IO
ACHATINIA perversa.
Reverse Achatina.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 30.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
A. ( Div. 2.) testa aperturé perversa: spird producta, 7-voluta, apice truncata ;
albida strigis nebulosis cinereis ; linea transversa in basali anfractu; co-
lumna margine labii exterioris castaneis, apertura intus alba.
Aperture reversed: spire lengthened, of seven volutions, the apex trun-
cated, whiteish with clouded cinereous stripes; central band on the
basal volution, pillar, and margin of the outer hip chesnut; mouth
within white.
SS ccnnEnEEEESEEESIEtmees_<ccemeeeeenennneeeen
Reverse shells, or such whose mouth when viewed in front
is on the left side, are generally held in much estimation by col-
Jectors. This deviation from the usual form of shells is some-
times accidental, as in our common garden Snail and several
others; while in some species it appears a constant, and there-
fore a specific distinction. Such I apprehend is the case with
the shell now figured, a rare and very elegant species, apparently
not noticed by any writer ; two or three existing in the British _
Museum and one in my father’s cabinet are all the specimens I
have hitherto seen. The latter (here figured) came from Bahia in
South America. The whole s!:ell is very finely marked with
longitudinal strie, and the colouring better seen than described:
the buff tinge at the base is occasioned by the remaining epider-
mis.
This shell belongs to the second division of the genus Achatina
as mentioned at Plate 30, having the aperture much shorter than
the spire and the base nearly entire. Bulla virginea of Linn.
seems to connect the two divisions, having the lengthened spire
of one and the truncated base of the other.
Pl. 36.
sskaniod wr Lua VEAMDA) |
nebo ne ou ly ;
0 AL pe eh ED ORR, ES
; ¥ ; : ; Saas
5 ' * as hn soe
sot een tint ntti 4 4
\
x \
ees ‘sp denna we Drow ek pate
| *
5 See Cee er re sna tingly
, ‘
" : 7 a? bi 4306 ~is AB, ban he 1\ wnt * ws punicgraclapbinn ageing alii,
ene ee a wm
SE ek! , EPO MS, Cw TORR pad, ris
ihn), Ryd, Sa tied | aoeteise gate
A ; i oy. iy ay & ‘ ) ae ard
aR Be - ee gen tits
tes de i cs teal ‘gal
enininiy the Uldcrall ey gered bine ay, ‘wit,
ica " | biases baa hieag). ae lnuay, a pasar
tae | “peal wre, eibdattsone & aepys “anata
F th dil ait a Laralaigge Ab dpi, one et
I PE de od ci Sanus. cet
oo , sloinhrth ads. ai-yoidaitiejadull tn ayy Fagin
ho 8 oeotapiamepe aah he cess Jonaioleety aici, sein a
ras + eile ehsmmaidenchanhaaaalein 18 0
a Hn benkvaen, yond, gow e's a a am .
, lit da on eh tla iinoet i"
‘easy , seniaaineal aif escent
mir Caen au adgaikt jo soiniliesiemeits
rsiiad, ot cr 2g Oa
é _ of tetad lo savage GAL, » (outa gy eat | 4p
. viens ath ete eniaethany ‘eho
sone. aalt 26
ae
i
hs
L?
i
Fi
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5
A
€
y
AM.
Lane fe >, Se ok ae P
tk
‘ be i , ’
. ta) =
ti > fc: ? ’
_ Wr eae bf” tee Dog F Pe
oe ae Lee ae a 7 , ; :
i
y
7 ‘sa .
v ‘
- \
:
.
> °
z ’ 7
. “a
i
Ps +, an
5 : s
7
¥, =
- \
a oo
4 - ‘ ' oe 2
4 4 }- ¢
- a i, ~~ - a »
ee es
autho 3 AiA4
hh fut 4 : v" stad
as oie
op SE Od eeu? GP
¥
t
Acq. Too weeisingy a 5 ca :
end ey jets
i pases 62 cote epee | wits
3 ris cease — es a my
® } y ae pve a 18 “st
j : ‘ ral Ne OE pe Po) Re eende
Ma®
pei "Lhe St 28 Sar aes
i F tab? ityeelet doa spe *
'
. A >gay Rel ABS
Poste: MORNE TRE
PROCNIAS cucullata.
Hooded Berry-eater.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 21.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. corpore, collo, pectore nigro cucullata ; tergo fusco, alis caudaque nigris ;
tegminum apice, pectoris lateribus, et corpore subtus flavis ; capite sub-
cristato.
Head, neck and fore-part of the breast hooded with black; back brown,
wings and tail black; tip of the wing-covers, sides of the breast and
body beneath yellow; head subcrested.
T a indebted for this new bird to Miss E. Yeates, who received
it with a few others from some part of Brazil: it seems to con-
nect the genera of Ampelis and Procnias, having the bill much
less dilated at the base than any of the latter; it however has a
close similitude to Procnias melanocephalus (P\. 25.), which
seems further removed from the true Chatterers,
Total length eight inches and three quarters. Bill in extreme
length near an inch; the colour dark cinereous; the base fur-
nished with bristles something resembling the Chatterers: the
opening of the nostrils large, round, terminal, and nearly naked ;
the feathers on the crown lengthened ; the whole head, neck, and
fore-part of the breast black, bordered above by a narrow collar
of yellow; back and scapulars brown, rump olive; sides of the
breast, inner covers, and under parts uniform yellow ; wing-covers
black margined with olive, those on the shoulders tipt with brown,
the rest with yellow; quills and tail black margined with olive.
Wings four inches and three-quarters long, the first quill very
short, the third longer than the second. Tail four inches long.
PL Si.
Sellars CPA i J Og “f
Pe MAT VE . {FRO RALE | -
+e
+ ‘ \ j ell
eM suguieaeD 40. andl, ie : Wp eee et obit anegien Roa
gona. WTRAS ANS | Bolin merit, |
7 hasta ‘
My) yy ie 0 ya 1 a Ly, Pieccmd haa 3S ii be tar Qty j Bia dog dain
bom descaad abt tae cual FEUD BEN Batt, bey ay gaan igi Pee ey pensads 4
‘ : 7 y aly
Lert, UNUR ¢ protay aroadl thy nd
M02 Oi agraee di. .VAGIAL. 00 Cape Stow fb, 8 youn wer
oo
segiwoiaved 4) ovolial alt to ye ip ened, 98% pabes
t . Xx ~
SY Bony As
AN He VYING Re,
a
* v. - ¢ ‘> 4
tajely; chee Fi} Bh aL PEM ay IES j @ ~S4 indy
ratio) oar odd goad Leeonngaaad
SIF A ia bas Ads KPLias OS Se te Atgnaais
i) S48), Otla: einuyhAin WUGEs Si Men CRED 2h ee uG Ls"
’ ‘ — ’ \ ‘ v4 aya =
ME PAGE Bake? OLE Eee Se eI. deed he Bee area ;
pudis ytd oes Ute te us) oO) alts Me ae
ER AME gD Me eR Shed pee Ee, AIT ED, Sees gah
mikes worms vl geode hol ORS Pas | Jeol Gh, FOS
hi io Cee’ SG BE fe We tg de le id Ati conse
(Oat el tho)" Poa er | ig cup hate FEED, TG
LEV OO Jape eens hd Ck? Ok Teh NT A
le dil basis ond high bey aly weeds wena Li
i ' iy tits O45 Pus Pe ar. ihe dake iy rhea ith eaihapi aot, 2acd' m
a ob fi maT] tel fa #8 4 wat z wth: pare= ee i vagqih bats : ort? aan
. yo ii baG
zs : - r
= at
. :
: ; ea
f wee.
Ne as 7 cae a
‘Srl ie
‘a 7 rs
ga
a . F Le | -
ig + \
Sires ns Ce rie
yeité + Seas Sek i Yi ai * 4
; iar pee, Se r -
os oe ge eee a = :
ye Z ‘ ! * : et, $ he <5
. j :
: 7
7 . ‘ j +
= + ra. @&
i Ms 3 f
4 7 Paar
4 atts 2 2 * ;
4
/. : = f P. ; 7
7 =" - . 7 :
Loa A ial oe - a -_ -_ a
PICUS bicolor.
Black and White Woodpecker.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI]. 14.
Speciric CHARACTER.
P. albus, collo supra, tergo, alis, lineaque temporali nigris, rectricibus nigris,
basi maculisque marginis interioris albis.
White: neck above, back, wings, and line from the ears to the nape, black ;
tail-feathers black, with their base and spots on the inner margin
white.
THE simplicity of colouring in the plumage of this bird will
easily distinguish it from among the numerous and intricate spe-
cies already known of this family. It is one of the new birds the
recent investigations of Brazilian zoology have added to our mu-
seums. ‘The individual here figured was sent me from the di-
strict of Minas Geraies.
Total length eleven inches and a half. Bull from the upper
base to the tip one inch one line, and from the gape one inch four-
tenths; the colour blueish-black; the upper mandible above
sharply carinated and slightly curved; orbits (in the dead bird)
yellowish-white ; the whole of the head and nape, sides of the
neck, rump and tail-covers, and all the under plumage pure
white, with a tinge of yellow down the middle of the belly: a
narrow black line commences at the ears, and is carried down
on each side, joining the black of the upper neck ; the wings and
remaining upper plumage are of a uniform dark sooty black ;_ the
tips of the quills much paler and brownish. Wings six inches
and a half long; the inside covers black. Taii four inches, and
black banded with white at the extreme base; the two outer
feathers on each side with alternate black and white bands on the
inner web their whole length; feet and claws dirty-greenish :
this was a female.
PL. 38.
aolanid eU OES
“oaaghoo aback W Pies Soke
~- ote ee nes es
ie bh set?—~daToLsanm) grew , cr
{PIAL SD EI ga4ae . .
‘eae - +4 es
ai wihsartioot AA Divi SMG Dub wd cat, wR ae 4 ee ;
oe t 7 lee ¥ ¥
2519 aivokreater, Rye gt un tt
pas d oqen gd id eee et and oui pas nad sqit le cers sven alsvace 2
abipy3GEe rosie oat slog? fax. seek vial ‘ab sssapet
a shana :
Hive baid: 2the, to ee elt Ht Be wer 4 ho i
qs stevtani bas, auwagua odt getcurea cathe se a
adit ebaigl won ant Fo ae0 ei 41 .efianet wish ‘lomboaiah
avec wo ot bebbs. evil qyeloos asilixe saci
“fly oult cork: Ott Ju8e as mires aie pir
payee s “eft eit ital Algel ae
“uot doa a0 aye 4 ahi ‘ogre z ; |
acl whl beeen woul oi) josh. |
(bricl hesob ot at) sili’ ; bana: thor
ail} Yo eabie me (huie bao uit Tos .
Stn oRamyiq ‘tbiit ol lis bon ee
Se oy < lb ade Yo obistsiese’ sai} owls ‘ober
Av70b botnso.2t bas, gad ott ts ago sa
bits: waive ot : dos Page: guid. To dgeld wild | IU DL ni ;
P uel? - domed Yto0: Jind soyotiont a ho vn % } i :
mits le eect WY.“ deirigrord ae aglag i al
Ayras eolout rao ial’, donate Peo © obvi ght wis TR
Tuo ow! yeh : awed MEH xP on) se hither rf
1) aa abi sins! r does toaid ot BLeTaR is Siw sh
é; J + digict FESO 27D Lilo ieey | ; Argel ‘ane ‘i
a
tits
Pe | tat
HESPERIA Itea.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI, 28.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Hesp. ( Div.2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, subtus pallidioribus basi fulvis,
anticis macula flava tri-fissa, posticis subtus margine exteriore et linea lon-
gitudinali fulvis, femoribus rufis.
H, (Div. 2.) Wings above blackish-brown, beneath paler, base fulvous.
Anterior with a three-cleft yellow spot. Posterior beneath with a ful-
vous outer margin and longitudinal line. Thighs rufous,
Tue descriptions left by Fabricius of this as well as many other
extensive families of Lepidoptera, are in general so vague and
short, that unless a figure is quoted to elucidate them, it becomes
totally impossible to ascertain the precise species intended. Such
is the case with the present insect, which will not agree with
any described by Fabricius, or figured by Cramer.
During my travels in Brazil I never met with this species, but
am indebted to my liberal friend Dr. Langdorff, Russian Con-
sul-general at Rio de Janeiro, for the specimens I possess, as
well as a number of other rare and fine insects of this family,
which were then not in my own collection.
On each side of the palpi adjoining the eye are two yellowish
round dots, and another behind: the posterior wings above have
a natrow whitish margin, the colour beneath much paler; but
the nerves on this, as well as at the tips of the anterior wings, are
blackish-brown; the legs at the base and the tarsi are black.
This is a male insect; the other sex I have not seen.
Piso.
a set ATAVEAAH
y _— t
\ | ' “ A vor ime DP ATER)
; et imoRn spewias?
a —"
' Po , aide cpg beh - ve hen4 2% St a wean ele, Cd StL Lag
' = 8 aut i pares : pout, chan asin nm
oy pediywssnlh wwdh, i é ss AS
a — ‘s ah
fide dinvited weeapt-deidond otnele aged "Cs i}.
Sa tah eres deren ad ps Vi mege wolls¢ stalgdeeadt volvi oieten
yaboldtt \ seed dooeher tioned pigs taste edaw ‘
soefler were a Hse 2 0D bo emivinted hs £ Sind eemisey in
8 dwee serves lwiaaey i Ste orcedeiulpaat oases
partroded sf perl stobmads ea bode sir o otetydh a eee
dat Amavies ad oor py es inl uiieltelinasi shea
dtivesee tua fire dvi esenipseaeey siting s
toma) yh Leteted oo upainde'l Sind
dd wena i) citvae yoyes tonya dy Hemel wk cloveart gai
0) pte I) iirobudn ld AL bodied lewelil yon oe
(more l aap vs ja wif tab g yeaa obs wit te in site
hal ey jo @ ier ties 7 brim 9) se aa @ to ae
sstolrysiloo.ceerey ‘ets ii id eels
os = deopotay owt ote ond paigiol 1a ielagy' tf To. aba os
: Siedyvode eget See dione haw vob hie
A gud eyieg dowat desta awelne ads atsiy th! cor alent
a.
‘
‘
i 3 ‘
. '
“
.
;
+ :
Shei , J
ate, ‘4
?
} z
~
‘ . Pigs -
2 ‘ *
»
7 , *
= ”
.
“
.
:
. .
hs .
or
: _*
4
a
p .
40.
aT)
?
a i 5.
HESPERIA Cynisca.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI, 28.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis nigrescente-fuscis, subtus obscurioribus ; antiis supra
Sascia flava trifissa (in feminis alba) ; posticis subtus immaculatis, casta-
neo-fuscis, margine exteriore flavo.
Hesp. (Div. 2.) Wings blackish-brown; anterior above with a three-cleft
yellow band, which in the female is white; posterior beneath imma-
culate, chesnut-brown, margined externally with yellow.
EE
Tue different sexes of this insect will appear so strikingly dis-
similar to those who are familiarised only with the nice distinc-
tions that separate the species of European Lepidoptera, that
this affinity by such may be doubted ; nevertheless, observations
in their native country, and the close examination of several spe-
cimens, will we are persuaded confirm the fact.
The male insect is distinguished (like all the Hespertde) by
having the eyes considerably larger, and the anterior wings more
narrowed than in the other sex: in this species the bands on
their wings assume the form of three yellowish spots, adjoining
which, on the inner side, is a semi-lunular villous mark, an al-
most constant indication (where it exists) of this sex. The straw-
coloured border beneath the posterior wings is narrower and
darker than in the female; but in both it forms a slender mar-
ginal fringe on the upper surface. Legs deep rufous ; antenne
black; the club beneath and lunule round the eye straw-coloured.
Inhabits South Brazil, but is not common.
Pl. 40.
: = — Sr Re U u
. 7,
‘ : r $ the Lee rte ee
x ff
: ,
' ‘ c ¥ Tet: PPR * .- —
i : ‘a / He “4 ry Tey eT | Af wg Loa boy high — ALY Ay
= ‘ : i ; * tre \, SWANS ROe ANG ain a ate
J oH uy mani ap ds i ; ant ee) a ais Hiedddoaticl eitta ay hid im we Hott
q :
eri ited, wdlyspony. 5 wh idm a ja at ath ane kde Lira
i] fide biutoize. Seagate rats sagt ira
= ‘ ‘
- a Mil
% *d : ’ s ® i \ ve as “
bi iy iyaery ce MAC 210M Us et meses»
UST OAs VALINE Haida bee 51) inna) cr ate Lee pail 08 -
Lash arpa, Fit Cid, 09 “sO ois ete wet iit
ie i bute a ieeley paabonis tid iadg .. Util euayiotad, LT te deh!
) rene POO X Jiu ah Bae ae: aihesiel
ial aay uae LS AMAR LOG és nee diene
yeh wreak b ar ile whale ; yh Avge iziD St 4 dense: oles, bs)
= BNET aealaa Weeokrn anes OO) Bette oh oe wal ¢ ide: ihre cups ORD RS
ot piers TT See i ph: oe cone oth oe fod bay
: :. ’
| simi chee dtiroliay voi Tounqoh adh ayzen aye
Pe eee Tee ear Be poetry ee ey ‘ong odd a0, «de /
ete nil ee stilt 3 MLV Lh Oe ete nainciins eahiea a
- ae ao dy e Bain, a) Dae: tathg. | sail Keadagel Tt sbuawed b
Tihs COME BRI BT A, 1 dG lain ptlaptanti
i a aa be a ; ityidy ee ede aes oe
» pt tend wd OQ i be PDEA) ha sdht 0 Lvingy, Piped alae ae
\, ‘ in r tbl - J hd
. bbitddidid ‘hs % cee. F | Snes alteer: etidaa
rk,
i }
is x,
| A '
7 ;
=
‘ 5
‘ /
_
pares
(or - ‘“ * = . : r
iti). gmat east * ~
eS
hal ajost bar: jhe
hows veg
4 ten 04:
= Soy! inal
5 Aw’
ACHATINA pallida,
Pale Achatina.
GENERIC CHARACTER —See Pl. 21.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
A. (div. 2.) testa cinereo-albd, fasciis duabus angustis fuscis, spird elongaté
recta, anfractibus 7 sub-ventricosis, labio interiore roseo, columella bast
recta, integra, apertura ovato-oblonga.
A. Shell cinereous-white, with two narrow brown bands, spire elongated,
straight; volutions seven, slightly ventricose, inner lip rosy, base of
the columella straight, entire, aperture ovate-oblong.
rr
Tue species of this and one or two other genera of land-shells
are subject to such variability in their colouring, that it becomes
extremely difficult to ascertain which are species and which va-
rieties. The shell now figured might, on a cursory glance, very
well pass for one of the Protean varieties of the Linnean Bulla
fasciata ; but a comparison with that shell will at once point
out the strong specific difference that exists between them in the
formation of the mouth. In this, the lower half of the inner lip,
or more properly the pillar, is nearly straight; the base entire,
or without any notch or truncated appearance: whereas in the
true A. fasciata, the inner lip at the base is very much curved
inward, and notched before it joins the outer lip. The mouth is
also short and broad: whereas in this it is much more oblong,
and the base round. Other more obvious characters exist in the
form of the whorls, spire, and more particularly in the colour,
of these two shells; but these are in comparison of minor im-
portance.
I regret having but one example of this shell, as it prevents
me from tracing how far the characters here detailed hold good
Pl. 41.
in other specimens. ‘They are such, however, as, I think, fully
to justify the propriety of considering it a species.
Its locality is unknown.
I have little doubt more than one species exist among the sup-
posed varieties of the true Bulla fasciata of Linn., which I take
to be the shell figured by Lister.
42
ite eat a
sry es
s
a pent ing)
4 aa
Aerila hie red 9)
OLIVA Braziliana,
Brazilian Olive.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa cylindrica, polita; spira conica, acuminata, brevissima; labium exterius
simplex, interius incrassatum, tumidum ; columella plicis numerosis graci-
libus ; apertura base truncata, emarginata.
Typus Genericus Voluta Porphyrea Lin.
Shell cylindrical, polished, spire conic acuminated, very short; outer lip
simple, inner lip thickened, tumid, columella with numerous slender
plaits, aperture at the base truncatedly emarginate.
Generic Type Voluta Porphyrea Lin.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
O. testé coniformi, lata ; apertura effusd, labio interiore tumidé callositate su-
per spiram extendente.
Shell coniform, broad; aperture effuse, tumid callosity on the inner lip
large, and spreading over the spire.
Oliva Braziliensis. Martini p. 130, tab. 147 & 8, 1367 & 8,
Oliva Braziliana. Lamarck,
Voluta pinguis. Dill. 516. 36.
No family of shells possess characters more strikingly obvious
to common observers than the Olives; and yet, although in our
English terminology no one would ever think of calling them
Folutes, we still shrink from giving them that distinguishing ap-
pellation in Latin which we every day use and acknowledge in
our own language. The strict followers of Linneus, by thus re-
jecting generic distinctions, which at once convey a definite idea
of form and structure, contribute to render systematic arrange-
ment less expressive of ideas than the common nomenclature of
our sale catalogues: a striking proof of the pertinacity with
which we cherish those particular doctrines we first imbibed,
although an unbiassed reasoning and an attentive observance of
nature would convince us of their fallacy.
Pl. 42.
The great Linneus, at the time he formed that system which
laid the foundation of systematic nomenclature, had not the ma-
terials for gathering and combining those natural genera which
the immense discoveries made since his death have given us a
knowledge of. He accordingly arranged those few shells known
to him, in large, and for the most part natural, groups. That of
Votuta I consider as one of these last (excepting the first divi-
sion); but the great accession of species now known, and which
is still increasing, has long ago induced the principal Continental
writers to divide this very extensive family into the following ge- —
nera : Marginella (Date shelis), Oliva (Olives,) Mitra (Mitres),
Lurbinellus (Turnip shells), Voluta (Volutes), and Cimbium
(Melons); all possessing not only clear but natural characters ;
inasmuch as, by such an arrangement, those interesting links and
ramifications that connect this family with the Bulle, Cones,
Cowries, Murices, and other genera, can be traced; and which
perhaps affords the most fascinating and intellectual source of —
contemplation and study the science can bestow.
The peculiarity of this species will distinguish it among this —
numerous and intricate family. The basal suture is deeply chan-
neled ; those ou the spire covered by the polished callosity which —
spreads from the inner lip.
Mr. Dillwyn has adopted the unpublished name of Solander,
although the shell had long ago been described and named by
Martini and Lamarck. I consider this as contrary to that prin-
ciple of nomenclature which awards a preference to priority of
publication; and I have therefore restored the name of those au-
thors who have this undoubted claim.. Mr. Dillwyn’s descrip-
tion is very clear and good.
I cannot learn from what particular part of Brazil this species —
has been received.
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MELLIPHAGA auricomis,
Yellow-tufted Honeysucker.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
{Melliphaga, Lewin.)
Rostrum mediocre, capite plerumque longius, gracile, curvatum, acuminatum, at-
tenuatum, ad basin altius quam latius, lateribus compressis ; culmine cari-
nato. Mandibula superior ad apicem emarginata ; inferior lateribus com-
pressis. Nares concave ad medium rostri porrecte, membrané tecte, in-
ter rictumet apicem longo fissu aperientes. Lingua longa, extensibilis, fibris
cartilaginosis terminata. Pedes simplices, digito exteriore connexo, halluce
pervalido. -
Obs. Cauda rectricibus 12, remigibus 1 et 2 spuriis; rostri margine aliquando
subtilissime dentato.
Typus Genericus Certhia Nove Hollandia Lath.
Bill moderate, generally somewhat longer than the head, slender, curved,
pointed and acuminated, the base higher than broad, the sides com-
pressed, the top carinated; upper mandible notched at the tip, the
under mandible laterally compressed. Nostrils concave, near half the
length of the bill, covered by a membrane, opening by a long slit |
midway between the gape and tip. Tongue long, extensible, termi-
nated by cartilaginous fibres. Feet simple; outer fore-toe connected ;
hind-toe very strong.
Obs. Tail-feathers twelve, first and second quills spurious; margin of the
bill sometimes minutely toothed.
Generic Type New Holland Creeper Lath., &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. olivaceo fusca; vertice corporeque subtus flavescentibus ; temporibus au i-
busque nigris ; gula et pennis elongatis pone aures flavis.
Olive-brown: crown of the head and body beneath yellowish; temples and
ear-feathers black; thruat and lengthened feathers behind the ears
yellow. .
Muscicapa auricomis. M. olivacea, vertice corpore subtus maculaque au-
rium flavis, per oculos striga alba. Lath. Ind. Orn. vol, 2. Suppl. xlix. 1.
Gen. Zool. 10. 2. p. 354.
Yellow-tufted Flycatcher. Lath. Suppl. 2. 215.no.4. Gen. Zool, 10. 2.554."
Tue Yellow-tufted Honeysucker, although described by La-
tham, has hitherto remained unfigured; and I therefore select
it as an excellent example of a tribe of birds which I think are
peculiar to Australasia, and which seem to hold the same situ-
ation among the birds of that vast country as the Humming-birds
occupy in South America, and the Sun-birds (Cinnyris, Cuvier)
in Africa and India; all of which more or less derive their suste-
Pi. 43.
nance from the nectar of flowers, and which they extract on the
wing by means of their long tubular tongues.
It is singular, that while our first ornithological writers were
distributing the numerous species of these birds in their systems,
under such of the Linnean genera as they thought most adapted
for their reception, a naturalist of a remote colony should be the
first who, by creating a new genus, brought them all into their
proper situation in systematic arrangement; one of the many
proofs that Nature, and Nature only, is to be studied; and that
no system, however ingenious or however applauded, can be con-
sidered as infallible.
By anerror (no doubt of the press) in the specific character of
this bird in Latham’s Index, the eye stripe is called white, though
in the description it is termed black. Mr. Stephens has copied
this error into “ General Zoology ;” and his description of this
bird, as well as numberless others, seems merely an abridge-
ment or alteration of Latham’s; a practice highly detrimental
to science ; for, when an original description cannot be obtained,
it is much better, and safer, to copy without disguise that of
another.
How far all the birds included by Temminck in this genus
really belong to it, admits of very great doubt; I have therefore
constructed the generic character from those birds of New Hol-
land only which Lewin, who founded the genus, must have had
before him.
Total length seven inches and a half; bill seven-tenths, the
frontal feathers advancing half its length to the nostrils; those of
the ears are lengthened, but the yellow tuft behind them is much
more so; the feathers of the chin are small, thick-set, and ending
in fine setaceous hairs curved outwards; the breast and body
pale brownish-yellow. Quills and tail dark-brown, margined
with deep-yellowish ; the two lateral tail-feathers tipt with dirty
white ; plumage above olive-brown ; front and crown of the head
dark brownish-yellow ; bill black ; legs brownish, inner-toe very
deeply cleft. ‘Tail, from the rump, three inches and a halflong,
and slightly rounded.
Latham, who first described this bird, says, “ it makes its nest
on the extreme pendent branches of low trees or shrubs, and by
this means escapes the plunder of smaller quadrupeds.” It ap-
pears not uncommon in New South Wales.
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PTEROGLOSUS sulcatus,
Grooved-bill Aracari.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum capite longius, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali margine incrassatum,
maxille angulo frontali obluso ; tomia serrata: nares supere in maville
basi: lingua angusta, pennacea. Cauda elongata, cuneata. Pedes scan-
sorii. Illiger. Prod. p. 202.
Typus Genericus Ramph. Aracari Linn.
Bill longer than the head, thick, light, curved, thickened at the basal mar-
gin, the frontal angle obtuse, the margins serrated. Nostrils nearly
vertical, situated on the base of the bill. Tongue long, slender, fea-
thered. Tail elongated, cuneated. Feet scansorial.
Generic Type Aracart Toucan Lath.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. viridis, subtus pallidior ; jugulo albescente, circa eculos ceruleus ; rostrum
duobus sulcis longitudinalibus incisum.
Green Aracari, beneath paler; throat whitish, round the orbits blue; bill
with two lateral longitudinal grooves.
P. sulcatus. Swainson, in Journal of Royal Institution, vol. 9. p. 267.
EE
ALL those species of the Linnean Toucans having a long
wedge-shaped tail, and the nostrils passing through the upper
part of the bill, are comprehended by Illiger and other conti-
nental writers under this genus. They have been called by the
French Aracari; which name I have retained as an English ge-
neric distinction. They inhabit the same country and situations
as the real ‘Toucans, which are distinguished by having a short,
broad, and even tail, and the nostrils placed behind the bill.
A fine example of this very rare bird 1 first met with in the
small collection sent to my excellent friend, E. Falkener, Esq.
from the Spanish Main. I have since noticed another which
was in Mr. Bullock’s museum, and is now in the possession of
Lord Stanley: these are the only two specimens known.
Pl. 44,
This bird was first described by me in the Journal of the
Royal Institution near a year ago. When Professor Temminck
was in England, I showed him the manuscript description and
drawing which [had then made: he assured me he had never seen
the bird before, otherwise than in Bullock’s museum. A short
time after, my account of it was published. I observe, however,
that in the new edition of his Manuel he gives this name to a
new bird of his own: no description however follows, and it 1s
therefore impossible to say if the Professor intends it for this
identical species.
We must postpone any further observations on this family,
and conclude by giving the original description above alluded to.
Total leagth twelve inches, of which the bill in extreme
length measures three, It is much curved, and more attenuated
than any of the Aracaris, being thickest at the base; from which
it narrows to a sharp point at the tip. ‘The upper part 1s con-
vex, and somewhat thickened; the sides are compressed, and
the upper mandible has two broad slightly indented grooves on
each side: the base has a few transverse wrinkles, and the ser-
ratures deep and unequal. The lower mandible half the depth
of the upper, the sides concave, and the teeth less. The colour
(in the dried bird) black; the base of the lower and the upper
half of the superior mandible rufous, the base with a whitish
marginal line. The nostrils are more lateral than usual, being
placed in a line with the eye; the orbits naked and reddish brown,
the feathers encircling which (particularly beneath the eye) are
vivid cerulean blue. The whole upper plumage is parrot green,
paler beneath, with a gloss of golden yellow on the cheeks and
sides: throat dusky white. Wings short, five inches long, and
rounded ; inner shafts of the quills black, margined with white-
ish. ‘Tail cuneated, green, four inches and a half long, the four
middle feathers equal. Legs dusky black.
Fetes: TAT tae
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RAMPHASTOS carinatus,
Sharp-billed Toucan.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Rostrum capite longius, maximum, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali margine
imerassatum ; maxille frontali subtruncato transverso : Nares verticales,
pone mazille basin site; tomia serrata; lingua angusta, pennacea ;
cauda brevis, equalis ; pedes scansoru. IUlliger. Prod. p. 212.
Typus Genericus R. erythrorynchus Lath.
Bill very large, longer than the head, thick, light, curved, and thickened
at the basal margin; the frontal angle transversely sub-truncated,
margins serrated. Nostrils vertical, behind the base of the bill.
Tongue slender, long, and feathered. Tail short, even. Feet scan-
sorial.
Generic Type Red-billed Toucan Lath.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
R. niger; gula flavd ; fascia pectorale tegminibusque inferioribus rubris ; ro-
stro viridi, apice rubro ; mandibula superiore culmine carinato flavo, la-
teribus macula aurantid ; inferiore ceruleo variegata,
Black; throat yellow ; pectoral bar and under tail covers red; bill green,
-. tip red; upper mandible carinated and yellow above, the sides with
an orange spot ; lower mandible varied with blue.
Yellow-breasted Toucan. Edwards, pl. 329.
‘Ramphastos Tucanus. Yellow-breasted Toucan. Gen. Zool. 8, 362,
(excluding the Synonyms.)
No tribe of Birds appear so void of that symmetry of form that
in general pervades the feathered creation, as the Toucans and
Aracaris in the new, and the Hornbills in the old continent. A
question naturally arises, why the bills of these birds should be
so monstrously out of proportion, and what possible use they
can be applied to. ‘The elucidation of these questions is highly
interesting, and calls for the most accurate observations to be
made in their native regions. It will be sufficient for the present,
however, to point out, with regard to the Linnean Toucans, that
the accurate observations and anatomical knowledge of my va-
lued friend Dr.Traill, F.R.S. E., of Liverpool, have clearly proved
that an immense number of nerves and fibres fill the cavity of
these bills, all connected with the organs of smelling, which are
in the highest state of development. A short notice on this
subject will be found in the Linnean Transactions ; but as my
PI. 45.
learned friend is pursuing his inquiries further on the subject,
I shall for the present confine my remarks to the individual here
illustrated, observing that no birds are so little understood, even
in regard to the species, as these.
The indefatigable Edwards appears the first who noticed
this bird. His ‘description, though in the quaint style of the
day, is clear and comprehensive ; “and his figure strengthens it,
both being made from the living bird. Yet Dr. Latham has
quite overlooked it as a variety of another species ; and Dr.Shaw,
although he copies Edwards’s account, gives references which
belong to other birds. It is not in the costly work of Le Vail-
lant, and indeed seems (from its excessive rarity) to have escaped
the notice of all modern ornithologists. ‘The perfect bill of the
bird is, however, in my possession, minutely agreeing with Ed-
wards’s account ; and also an original sketch in oil of another
individual, by an unknown artist, with a note stating 1t was done
from the life at Exeter *Change. All these testimonies put the
existence of the bird beyond any doubt.
Having seen only the bill, which is well described by Ed-
wards, | shall close this article with such part of his description
as appears necessary.
“The bill is very large, compressed sideways, having a shazp
ridge along the upper part ; the upper mandible is green, witha
long triangular spot of yellow colour on each side, and the ridge
onthe upper part yellow; the lower mandible is blue, witha shade
of green in the middle, the point is red, it hath about five faint
dusky bars, which cross the joinings of the two mandibles. The
iris of the eye is a fair green colour; round the eye is a broad
space of naked skin of a violet colour: the throat and breast
are of a bright yellow, below which is a bar of scarlet feathers ;
the covert feathers of the tail are white above, beneath of a
bright red; the legs and feet are all of a blue or violet colour.”
Edwards says it was brought from Jamaica, but doubts its be-
ing rather a native of the continent : he says they are very rarely
brought home alive.
The bill is full six inches long, and the whole figure on the
same scale, both in this and in Edwards.
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Pa ee ray
ye ;
BULIMUS citrinus,
Citron Bulimus.
_ Generic CHARACTER.—See Pl. 4.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
B. testa obovata ; spira conica, in medio sub-crassatd, apertura longiore: spiré
anfractibus 6 in suturam depressis ; labio exteriore basi rotundato ; umbi-
lico subclauso,
Shell obovate; spire conic, slightly thickened in the middle, longer than
the aperture, and of six volutions depressed on the suture; outer-lip
rounded at the base; umbilicus nearly closed.
Bulimus citrinus, var. B. Bruguiere Encycl. Meth. 314. no. 27.
Martini 9. tub. 110. fig. 930.
Se ., e
Tis variable species is perhaps the most beautiful and deli-
cate in its colouring of all the terrestrial snails; yet, although
figured by several of the older writers, so little justice has been
done it, that we make no apology for introducing it into the pre-
sent work, both on this account, and for the purpose of giving
such a discriminative specific character as may lead to the in-
quiry, how far all the numerous varieties mentioned by authors
really belong to this species or not. As far as my own observa-
tion goes, I have found that the thickened spire, the depression
of the whorls on the suture, and the narrowness or contraction
of the mouth at the base, afford the only constant characters ;
for, in regard to colour and the situation of the mouth, both ap-
pear subject to great variation, the latter being as often reversed
as regular. Martini’s is the only figure that can be safely quoted
for this variety.
I am indebted to Mrs. Bolton, of Storr’s-hall, Windermere,
for the loan of this and several other rare shells: it formerly be-
longed to Mr. Jennings, and appears an old shell, being heavy in
proportion, the umbilicus thickly closed up, and the outer-lip
PI). 46.
very thick. Another [ have seen at Mrs. Mawe’s, and one is in the
British Museum: but the finest specimen in colour and preser-
vation is in the possession of my friend W.J. Broederip, Esq.,
of Lincoln’s-Inn: from this it seems the spiral whorls are finely
and delicately marked by transverse elevated striz, while those
on the basal volution are striated transversely, though in a less
regular manner.
Bruguiere mentions that this species is generally found in the
South American islands, Cayenne, and Guiana.
Mr. Dillwyn has given the new name of aurea to this shell, in
addition to the five others under which different authors have
described it. Such changing of names and multiplication of syno-
nyms, without strong reasons, are very objectionable. I have
retained that of Bruguiere, as being the only author who has
placed it in its proper genus.
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BULIMUS citrinus (ar. perversu).
Reverse, banded Citron Bulimus.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 4.
SprciFIc CHARACTER.—See Pl. 46.
SYNONYMS.
Martini, vol. 9. tab. 934 § 5. Knorr, 4. tab. 28. fig. 4, 5. (bad.)
Bulimus citrinus, var.B. Bruguiere, 314. 27.
ee
A FINE pair of this beautiful and rare variety is in the collec-
tion of Mr. C. Dubois, to whom I am indebted on this and
many other occasions, for the facilities he has afforded me in pro-
secuting the present work: one of these is now figured ; it dif-
fers in no respect from that in the last plate, except in being re-
versed and having the umbilicus not so completely closed; a cha-
racter which, perhaps, exists only in very old shells. The other spe-
cimen is also reversed and banded, though in a different manner.
BULIMUS aureus.
Golden Bulimus.—upper and lower figures.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
B, testa obovatd, spird conicd, anfractibus 5 convexis, sutura simplici, umbilico
aperto.
Shell obovate; spire conic, of five convex volutions; suture simple; um-
bilicus open.
Lister 34.33. Martini 9. tab. 110. 928. 929?
Having seen but a single specimen of this shell, I have placed
it as a distinct species, not without some doubts, and principally
for the purpose of calling the attention of conchologists to a more
rigid examination of the specific distinctions of this family (un-
connected with colour) than has heretofore been done. The re-
Pl. 47.
gular convexity of the whorls, not in any degree compressed at
the suture, the want of that thickened appearance on the spire,
and of the contraction at the base of the mouth (all which cha-
racters I have found in the varieties of B. citrinus to be con-
stant), afford a specific distinction which future observations
must confirm or annul. Bruguiere notices a variety of B. citrinus
which is entirely yellow, a most beautiful specimen of which is
in the British Museum, and which possesses (as well as the ex-
cellent figure of Gualtieri) all the specific characters I have given
to B.citrinus, but not of the present shell. Lister’s figure, on the
contrary, is rude, though very characteristic of this; and Mar-
tini’s representation, here cited, also appears the same.
Mr. Dubois, in whose collection this specimen exists, is un=
acquainted with its locality.
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MITRA casta,
Chesnut-banded Mitre.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 23.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. :
Mitra (Div. 3.) testa alba, levi, oliveformi, spird apertura breviore, anfractibus
supra tenuiter reticulatis, basi epidermide castaneam fusciam formante, in
anfractu basali centralem et latam,
Shell white, smooth, olive-formed, spire shorter than the aperture, the vo-
lutions finely reticulated above, the lower half with the epidermis
forming a chesnut band which is central and broad on the basal
whorl.
Voluta casta. Chemnitz 10, p. 138, vig. 20 c p.—figura mala.
Martyn Univ. Conch. i. tab. 20.
Dillwyn Catalogue, vol. i. p. 554, no. 127.
EE
Ax the writers [ have been able to consult, uniformly describe
tnis species as having a coloured band on the white ground of
the shell. Inthe Banksian cabinet are two fine specimens, and
which have enabled me to ascertain that this brown band is no-
thing more than an epidermis, or external coating, with which the
shell is only partially covered—a circumstance of very rare occur-
rence; and which, being removed, proves the real colour of the
shell to be of a uniform polished white. This, together with its
excessive rarity, and the opportunity of giving original figures, has
induced me to include it in this work, although it exists both in
those of Martini and Martyn above quoted. I have neither seen
nor heard of specimens being in any other collection, besides
the two above noticed; and which no doubt were collected by
their late lamented possessor on some of the South Sea islands.
A striking affinity exists between this and M. zonata figured at
the third plate of this work.
Pl. 48.
MIT RA oliveformis.
Olive-shaped Mitre.
M. testa olwaformi, glabra, nitida, spira brevissima, longitudinaliter rugaia,
stria centrali transversa ; columella 4-plicata. |
M. Shell olive-shaped, smooth, polished, spire very short, longitudinally
wrinkled, with a central transverse stria, pillar four-plaited.
I introduce the description of this diminutive and undescribed
shell from its affinity with the last, and as forming a most inte-
resting transition from the Mitres to the Olives: agreeing with
the former in the structure of the pillar and the sculptured spire,
and with the latter in its general form and prima facie appear-
ance. Its perfect resemblance, in fact, to a small olive, may have
occasioned its being hitherto overlooked. ‘The spire is slightly
wrinkled and striated; the teeth on the pillar very near each
other, slender, and four innumber. The colour pale yellowish;
the mouth darker, and the tip and base purple. ‘The whole shell
is scarcely half an inch long.
It was received from the South Seas.
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OXYRHYNCUS cristatus.
Crested Sharpbhill.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Oxyruncus Temminck.
Rostrum breve, rectissimum, basi trigond, ultra basin attenuatum, apice acu-
tissimum ; mandibuld superiore supr drotundata, utrisque integris. Nares
basales, nude, membrana partim tecte, apertura lineari ad marginem
rostri approximante. Pedes breves, validi, digito medio longiores ; digi-
tis anterioribus tribus, exteriore connexo, interiore fisso; halluce valido.
Bill short, very straight, base trigonal, beyond attenuated to a very fine
point; upper mandible above rounded, both entire. Nostrils basal,
naked, partially covered by a membrane; aperture linear, near the
margin of the bill, Feet short, strong, a little longer than the middle
toe; anterior toes three, the outer connected, the inner cleft; hind
toe strong.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
O, supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavescente-albus, maculis nigrescentibus ; capite
crista coccinea incumbente ; capitis lateribus lineis transversis flavescente-
albis.
Above olive-green, beneath yellowish-white, with blackish spots. Head
with an incumbent crimson crest; sides of the head and neck with
transverse yellowish-white lines.
a ee
An elegant and (to the ornithologist) a highly interesting bird,
considered with much judgement by Professor Temminck as a
new genus, having the perfect bill and habit of the Wryneck,
but totally unlike that bird in the position of its toes, which in
this are not placed in pairs. The Professor has slightly described
it, in the new edition of his Manuel, without a specific, but under
the generic name of Oxyruncus, the spelling of which must be
presumed as an error of the press: no mention, however, 1s made
of the beautiful crimson colour which adorns the crest.
Total length near seven inches. Bill eight-tenths in length
from the gape ; general colour of the bird olive-green, becoming
nearly white on the under part, and on the transverse stripes on
each side the neck, front and temples, where there are also ob-
scure bands of black; crown with a concealed crest, which is
vivid crimson at the base and blackish at the tips; imner mar-
gin of the covers, quills and tail blackish ; inner covers yellowish ;
chin, neck and breast banded with blackish lines, which are
broken into spots and stripes beyond.
Inhabits Brazil, but is very rare.
Pl. 49. 1
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Bee FO2e An yi ORD 1 BH oe
ines ahisveae ails g Ciatupio Hane ace ws
wir ie a ia siuace weg Ui Ae a
a see ay sin. ;
ny ils dunt a Apiaigs s nostber
wiepis Nore Harr mek
. Se we lohties - * ms
LID i Pats Lo Ph ify hes
a Me Mule bolas: isin te
¥ } Erg GRU .Oibe 2 18 iy iagd bre,
Pal MY Mer'riep ie y, hh Aaa {isd fen
a uate rad atitsets oltaze
ve
7 Se Wie
in ld Wl a ads = 7 i
Ye
ALCEDO Asiatica.
Asiatic Kingsfisher.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See P]. 26.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
A. capite nigro, fasciis transversis cyaneis, postice cristato; auribus cyaneis ;
mento, guld, strigdque luterali colli albescentibus ; dorso nitide ceruleo ;
corpore subtus rufo,
Tlead black, transversely banded with mazarine blue, the hinder part
crested: ears blueish; chin, throat, and lateral stripe on each side
the neck whitish; back shining light-blue; body beneath rufous.
aE Snnieeienesene_eeneeaneRneEEnEnEGA
Tue general resemblance between this and the European Kings-
fisher may have been the cause why it has remained hitherto un-
noticed by ornithologists. It bears, however, on closer inspec-
tion, a strong and peculiar distinction in the crest at the back of
the head, in being much smaller in size, and especially as inha-
biting the hottest parts of India; while our own braves the cold
of a Siberian winter.
Total length six inches, of which the bill from the angle of the
mouth to the tip occupies one inch and three-quarters, and is
black, with the under mandible paler; the ears and the upper
part of the head and neck are blueish-black, transversely banded
with somewhat crescent-shaped narrow bands of a rich deep
blue, which are broken into spots on the crest and ears: from
the base of the under mandible is a black stripe richly glossed
with blue, and carried down on each side the neck, between
which and the upper part is a whitish stripe beginning just be-
hind the ears (this in the European species is rufous). The
Wing-covers, scapulars and lesser quills are blackish glossed with
blue, the two former having a bright spot at the end of each
feather; superior and greater quills entirely blackish ; down the
middle of the back, rump, and tail-covers, light and vivid blue,
with a slight tinge of greenish; chin and throat cream-colour ;
line between the nostrils and eyes, margin of the shoulders,
under wing-covers, and all the lower parts of the body, rufous ;
tail deep and obscure blue; legs red.
My specimen came from some part of India; [ have met with
others from the same place; and Dr. Horsfield has likewise ob-
served it in Java.
Pl, 50.
waiiek, Oh La yia
: aed ro A afawk? -
tl Hp eee es
ag it oh — a Teen oe
\ eremeptiaes, sees a
TEP as whey TT ia
' dud ‘ahaha 2 ors flores CTS rare + od ar sip
Calwe: bits ook, collate Jy Abel Sigel Sieg alin
‘N : me oar sivhue siaquin,
Tit) wad eet ? pareheny Herts -faihigrat § poets. sreatit |
i i i so [edge fe ; ees) train i diet oe : eer 4
serPics Meat BS apts Ben nina aud {Getto hipaa ash F
ee sinc ladlbptlleaniaB asics: Bi
‘yl eer a? tres etd Ys veined gee ele ters Hewes j
dee OTE Bair ace t nett St vlan Gecy ol) sgod Webinar Soh
“ten -toveel, 4etetydey Beck yrs arith evite if : sets ‘nigel beth Un
Tis Sond ote cig BRA lle i Gen vibe dee, so a
wf ~ oR on Seni + ee a elie ig) Feethen nitioe alg
Live oti “ecard deo Wine Mee rathal Yo we une “a
, . ve AME a
ary rs od h FY ig neg niles? 1 maul: vavt ae
bs ne ersivaig @ fse a sya
- anal) eee, Sey & + Aggie ahs ob Pree Ty i
cots Mila SS % s * rte p07 Ova) FR wna
‘
af, 4ly a Ts we) cay eget hey hfe noe) silk
LHL 3 reels PASAY ives Elite Ce aoa ue doe
seuho siiarisurere Slt be mit Bscary tomers wiht Ws
reyslictol doe art) ais Vi Yay Aron Lemna aks <0 he
at Sl prise white Hatters % Srideg poqeyie ane.
ayeg Ate ahr 7. ae np eres KD (MM, gt etfs). dae)
Wins Feveribe Omani wile melp rim hy 6 oR ae eG
(bgo Blom wT Sn He cele Ae Paella tig
Aaa len rabies ect Doe ‘HilitS. pion bears ae
‘ int Lis pela fyita ae ea ei7yt eal = Pies i2 Ta teen ss rar
-euotin, t od Oth bay PaO Gee Me ieee ee re
. vb etc ord ton
iP Janka | seeyph a ei Ae inthe? Sines th
oot wel resi! eat! Blytiviet hh AL as a of = J
ais
COLIAS Pyrene.
White African Colias.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 5.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
C. alis albis ; anticis supra punctulo nigro subcentrali oblongo ad apicem ap-
proximante ; posticis margine integerrimis ; singulis subtus puncto ocellari
lineisque fulvis undulatis: sexibus similibus.
Wings white ; anterivr with a small, nearly central, oblong, black dot nearest
the tip; margin of the posterior wings very entire, beneath all with
a brown ocellate spot and undulated fulvous lines: both sexes alike.
Unpen the head of Colias Pyranthe, M. Godart has united
the three insects described by Fabricius, as, Pap. Pyranthe,
Nepthe and Gnomia, all bearing in their leading colours a very
near resemblance to each other. Yet as this consideration alone
appears to have decided this ingenious author in uniting them,
without apparently noticing the nicer but more important cha-
racters of form, proportion, and real sexual distinction, as well as
geography, I cannot but consider the question still remains
doubtful; and although I am not at present prepared to offer an
opinion as to the actual affinity between these three insects, I
have little or no doubt that the one now figured is a really di-
stinct species from either of the above, which all inhabit various
parts of India. This, on the contrary, is from the interior of the
Cape of Good Hope, from whence it was brought by Mr. Burch-
all, among whose insects [ have seen about twenty unvarying
specimens, but they were all males. I discovered however three
or four of both sexes, varying in size, in Mr. Haworth’s cabinet,
and the perfect similarity in colour of the female with the other
sex is very striking: it wants of course the little tuft of hair and
opaque spot within the borders of the wings, so generally found
in the male Co/iade.
The distinctions of Colias Pyrene as a species rest on the
areola of the anterior wings being considerably larger in propor
tion than in the others allied to it, thus making the black dot
(which is always placed at the outer extremity of the areola)
much nearer the tip than the base: these wings are also more
sharply trigonal (in the male), and have only the slightest appear-
ance of a black margin; the hinder wings are also perfectly en-
tire, and not obtusely undulated as in those insects, and the sexes
‘not differing in colour. Like most of the insects of this genus,
the ocellate spots beneath vary considerably ; sometimes they
are silvery, at other times not; the anal valves in the male are
short and obtuse, and the wings in the female not so sharply
pointed.
Fi,51.
ta ne
vet bea wild Fo visual a Ai
4 ‘. ;
+3 ites Satexs Sei:
Pole Pie:
a
a, Sahp es a ts , a
COLIAS argante.
Orange Colias.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—Sce PI. 5.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
C.( Mas.) alis aurantiis, supra immaculatis, posticis subtiis atomis ferrugineis,
plerumque puncto gemino argenteo.
C. (Fam.) alis aurantio-flavis, anticis supra, apice punctogue medio atris ;
posticis subtus, puncto gemino argenteo atomisque ferrugineis.
C. (Male.) Wings bright-orange, above immaculate ; posterior beneath with
minute ferruginous dots, and generally two silvery spots.
C.(Female.) Wings golden-yellow; anterior above with a central spot and
black marginal tip; posterior beneath covered with ferruginous dots
and two silvery spots.
(Male.) Papilio Hersilia. Cramer, pl. 173. C.D.
argante. Fab. Ent. Syst. ili. pt.1. p. 189.
Colias argante. Godart in Encycl. Method. 9.92. no. 11.
(Female.) Papilio Cipris. Cramer, pl.99. E. F.
Colias Cnidia. Godart, 93. no. 14.
eee
No two insects can present a more striking dissimilarity than
the sexes of this species ; and it was only after a considerable de-
gree of attention to the subject, in their native climate, that we
were at last thoroughly convinced that Coltas argante and C. Cni-
dia were, without the least remaining doubt, the male and the
female of one species. I have had the same opinion communi-
cated to me by my friend Dr. Langsdorff, whose long residence
and observations in Brazil render his opinion of no small autho-
rity.
As both insects are well known, and their distinctions given
in the specific character, it will be only necessary to observe,
that the under surfaces of the wings in both sexes vary much both
in the density of the minute dots, and short undulated stripes
that spread over their surface ; and that the silvery spots in some
males are strongly marked, and in others quite obsolete : there
is, in very fine individuals of this sex, a faint bloom of pink
spread on the orange of the upper surface, which heightens the
vivid yet chaste beauty of the insect. ‘The females are not so
common. I met with them both in northern and southern
Brazil, and have seen them in collections from Para directly
under the equinoctial line,
Pl. 52.
.
z : ‘%
. A -
5 .
I
re 2 4 ee -ay $2 6 j
= oat He CaN rene a
ie L452
4 s
3 4 J ot
“ 4 7
444) "
‘ .
birds
~ nies J
, ‘fe pee
io lal Bari
} hdvar :
RTOs ee
re (ewegt) (aff 3, i 1%
Pe Feg is ri #5 a) a
? .
x F peer eh; ruby ahh: :
‘ Pal) Day
Rey ut
’
a is
‘ ) a Ue
i 4 bs
+ tr
, + ied «
‘ ’ ¥
Ps h, eiae
4 2
zs
‘ar,
> ¢
Dbas .< 105
fBma ! ie B ah he ban ain i ¥ ‘ ”*
ebr eile jy Mh Seah te Dee 1d. eal dyailt. :
= -—— ---™
ne
a)
STROMBUS cylindricus.
False Scarlet-mouthed Strombus—
Upper and under Sigures.
GENERIC CHaRACTER.—See PI. 10.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
S. testd coniformi, spira brevissimd ad busin depressa, anfractibus convexis in-
@qualibus, labio exteriore supra lobato, intus striato ; interiore sub-obsoleio,
albo.
Shell conifurm; spire short, depressed at the base, the whorls convex and
unequal; outer lip lobed above, and internally striated; inner lip
nearly obsolete, white.
Lister 850. 5. (bad.). Gualt. $1.1. Knorr, vi. tab. 15. 3.
Strombus luhuanus Linn. Martini, x. tab. 157. 1499. 1500.
Young. Lip above entire, inside smooth, whorls tuberculated. Lister, 849.
4.a? Knorr, vi. tab. 17. 2.
rE
WE introduce this common shell for the purpose of pointing
out those characters which induce us to consider it more as a
distinct species than as a variety of S. Luhuunus of authors ; and
this consists not so much in the colour of the inner lip, as in
the almost total absence of that important part, which this shell
invariably exhibits through all its growths: it is therefore, [
think, contradictory to the meaning of the word to term that va-
riable which is found to be constant, particularly where the
point of distinction rests on a marked difference of formation no
less than of colour, though both shells are common to the Orien-
tal seas. Minor differences exist, in the mouth of this always
being pink, the inner lip white, and the outer lip but slightly
lobed (or cut out) above: in S. Luhuanus the mouth 1s deep scar-
let, inner lip black and highly polished, and the outer lip deeply
notched above; the two former characters, indeed, begin to
show themselves at a very early growth of the shell.
STROMBUS Persicus.
Persian Strombus—middle figures.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
S. testa sub-coniformi, brevi; spird conica, equali; labio exteriore prominenie,
supra sinuato, intis glabro; interiore polito, albo.
Shell somewhat coniform, short; spire conic, equal. Outer lip promi-
nent, sinuated above, smooth within; inner lip polished, white.
Allied, but sufficiently distinct from the last; the mouth is
always smooth and white. It is a local species: a few received
from the Persian Gulf are all I have yet seen, some where young,
but no other variation was observable.
PL 53:
ye
: stp boprar el bear sete my |
~{ VN een
$2’ ,ettirngn eset
ele.
ia rps ~cepn Many Bae
$id ive j laepaliss
2 cal e le BAT
RO teeta
‘ hr
z i OLRiha 12 Ariat
Wid a ti Lida mq
twee dyes) Bote
Lae Sipld- Qi ae
f ee) Sey VGS ins fans
save ne ee
i Vd
eee Da
inka ~
ae) Sees teiotlen ia
reve athe eases iovagae
, eeeotiens aight
nie peta eae
$
‘oceap stb daael Beal
cen Ulgeyed asin atta ul
now notelie, whe am
cs a
| =
»
~
=
-
.
=
.
‘
See
:
| .
4
if by
YY DLhe
MITRA lyrzformis.
Harp Mitre.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI]. 28.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. testa costis regularibus, carinatis, approximantibus: columella striata, juxta
basin triplicata: spird subattenuatd ; apice subpapillosa.
Shell with regular, carinated, approximating, longitudinal ribs. Pillar
striated, three-plaited near the base. Spire somewhat attenuated.
Apex slightly papillary.
ae
Tuts beautiful and highly interesting shell has been generally
considered unique among the collections in this country. It was
originally in the possession of the late Mr. Jennings, and, I am
informed by Captain Laskey, was on first being received, in a
much finer state. Mr. Jennings had it cleaned, and in so doing
many of the delicate transverse strie were partially obliterated,
and the sharp ridges on the longitudinal ribs worn down, as in-
deed was apparent from a drawing Captain L. had made of the
shell previous to this unmerciful cleaning. It however still re-
mains a very fine shell, and is now in the cabinet of Mrs. Bol-
ton, of Storr’s-hall, to whom I am obliged for the opportunity of
now publishing it.
The figure and specific character will sufficiently point out
its distinctions. ‘The body-whorl is smooth, but strongly gra-
nulated at the base; the spire delicately striated between the
ribs; the two last whorls before the apex are close, thick, and
somewhat papillary ; the apex itself small and sharp. The upper
part of the inner lip has some faint obsolete teeth, but the base
has three very strong ones.
It connects in the most beautiful manner the two genera of
Mitra and Voluta. Its country is unknown.
Pl. 54.
ut
a |
yeh a +hey
> patty lh
ra hey
I { itt ate
+
. ‘ ca ke
sf ike
pn) SE Se
4 ‘ LTS Wwe ELS
ith Yrs) st ao
flake yi To
Li Sa eR
ri iis “e tat
VO IWS
’
zu) “ivt) Se
os A
;
cwthhieyPey teenfyv2
if vont sill Toy
SOLEN ambiguus.
Ambiguous Solen.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa bivalvis, equivalvis, transversissime elongata, utroque latere hians. Dentes
cardinales parvi, fragiles, numero variabiles, rard divaricati. Ligamen-
tum externum; animal ad extremitatem anteriorem pede subcylindraceo ;
ad posteriorem siphone brevi duos alteros conjunctos continente. Lamarck.
Typus Genericus Solen Vagina Pennant.
Shell bivalve, equivalve, very transversely elongated, open at both ends.
Cardinal teeth small, fragile, variable in number, and rarely divari-
cated. Ligament external. Animal with a sub-cylindrical foot at
the anterior end, and at the other a short tube containing two others
united together. Lamarck.
Generic Type Solen Vagina Pennant.
YP ‘S
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
S. testa lineari, crassa, recta, pallida, obscure radiata; cardinibus unidentatis,
margine anteriore sub-approximantibus.
Shell linear, strong, straight, pale, obscurely radiated. Cardinal teeth one
in each valve, placed near the anterior extremity.
Solen ambiguus. Lam. Syst. vol. il. p.452. no. 7.
EE
Unpenr the genus Solen (vulgarly called Razors or Pods) are
comprehended a variety of shells having the common character
of both extremities open or gaping when the valves are together,
yet differing materially in their form, teeth, and general appear-
ance: some are long, slender and straight; others more or less
curved; a few short and oval, or with one ‘end only lengthened.
Modern writers have, however, retained nearly all these in the
genus as left by Linneus; and this method for the present is
more desirable than that of creating a multiplicity of genera.
Dr. Turton, in his very useful Conchological Dictionary, enume-
rates thirteen species as found on the British coast, including
the Solen Novacula of Montagu, which the Doctor suspects is
not truly a species. ‘The original specimens which Montagu
described I have carefully inspected at the British Museum, and
have no doubt in my own mind they are in reality no other than
S. Siliqua with one of the cardinal teeth broken off; a circum-
stance which, from their fragility, frequently happens, even in
opening the recent shell.
Solen ambiguus was first described by Lamarck, who says it
is from North America. ‘Two or three specimens are in my pos-
session; butit is a rare species, much thicker, and with larger
teeth than any other; the epidermis is pale-brown, and in some
parts obliquely lineated.
Pl. 55.
“
re ae ue
eae yah 4 aa
ita atal ieee i BF eA eee eee i vo lp 6) ‘
SCA Maes VY oh ANE ® Gn APP: aTalel yee hs ey babe, sea, «marcas anh >
A jie hovered +a AMM ty 1 aN ON oes a
a si pars Sony qT giAph Paw. Fou =} most
as ins cEPat a'S Yb DP CCAM ae Jaxpop3 cela
atin! rer ola alias fae! Tiss: retiShetits
sy iendt fi bleed eam Other tenia Rk yer A reed Sis
kee i
ot
ost i P fay Cate, : ois 3% a ine teepatse ott
7 Ge) Tete oe nee
cn Aare alee SGT ae aoe
rosie)
e t ohasiey |? Sida
cara Was
Ye) cist bag is tg tea aedh 7 ‘ Pas ‘isa § me i
¥ 2 ith jou" felt.
Chae ae ee ie sii
<
ne EO 6 RIN # yee
:] "tr Ho Daliar vl Guy) Relare 2 NiyS
i tee: 9 A } vl ty rae b | gohan £ tr: 4
” J zs © +
hota ty 2 £9 05 area ae | bseitey paris vn er
~“j erie iF br ak tiiB at Be eh reel buat, TBTRME HE, ahniey
aeolian Ae atotio Salta Ease ashitals ot ae) alien “a
Pott W lect Fane a neha et fava Tuts Prayelg §y ct its fore
: thy wie he Vrbodl. PASO oY wot i abawirrd “a ald
By typoaeiny) ort on kee aay ek, 2 siren) yer Rises y
Pee) he ae ae anys ie a ind pal”
ONE “nid ra ctaltsat eg) hlaoi angur alle ia
nee 1 how ey Lat a ies hea en hee? bagi a
a oe ff vir | iyi fener . :
“beh le ee re aa :
oui LAAs igh Fes vi Lalli: at fil
fon, Parey ‘i Hoa it
- e 4
4 (ule Fa oy cf ds
~ } ’ om Liv y
7 al (ie ils een &
ty
z
cy
RAMPHASTOS vitellinus.
Sulphur-and-white-breasted Toucan.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 45.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
R. niger, gula flavo-aurantia ; lateribus auribusque albis ; fascia pectorali teg-
minibusque rubris ; rostro nigro fascia basali c@ruled, culmine subcurvato
convexo, lateribus incrassatis.
Black; throat yellowish-orange; the sides and ears white; pectoral bar
and tail-covers red; bill black, with a blue basal belt, the top convex
and but slightly curved, the sides thickened.
R. vitellinus. Iliger
Le Pignancoin. Vail. pl. 7.
Var.? Le Grand Toucan a ventre rouge. Vall. pl. 6.
—— SS
Tue descriptions of Dr. Latham, and the compilations of
Dr. Shaw on the various species of Toucans, are so confused, and
their synonyms so inaccurate, that it is quite impossible to quote
them in reference to this bird; but which I am informed has
already been distinguished by the celebrated Illiger as a distinct
species, under the name here adopted.
Independent of colour, this differs from R. Tucanus in having
the bill less curved, the top convex and obscure pink, not flat
and blue. The belt at the base is always vivid blue (grey in the
dead bird), not, as in R. Tucanus, of a rich yellow. This I
have never met with in Brazil; the other is common from lat. 8
to 23°S. A drawing from the live bird by the late Sydenham
Edwards (obligingly lent me by Lord Stanley) confirms others I
have seen as to the colour of the bill, orbits, &c. It varies, how-
ever, in that of the throat, breadth of the red band, and in the
tail-covers. A specimen I possess being somewhat larger, the
breast is nearly white, and the upper tail-covers sulphur. In
young birds the white on the sides is tinged with grey. I am
inclined to consider the Grand Toucan a ventre rouge of Vaillant
as a mere variety, having the red pectoral bar very broad.
In general size it is rather larger than the Brazilian Toucan.
Our figure is on the exact scale of four-tenths to an inch. Its
precise locality I am unacquainted with. We hope to enlarge
more on this interesting genus in another publication.
Pl. 56.
| aly my Ten a 1b |
aie a » Wt aky ue! dear attr vot | |
— amishtimirieiRrh epessenssievchas
CRE) SMe BORE a oy se wr) eo
‘ een pete
OPES AS Ve
meth Ni aoa ‘aes a: Ae 4 savrgrcashy + iii eal’ uy) ‘- :fabrempneiccilg | Ly
BWidtithas oes Baianty Devel Senet chaie a ok:
AFF veh i aalnyana wdisighah ae
vad fared) ail -enae hoe eshia-ailt, spesnioelid walle. drat: ;
bgt lle =r abinneise ai oor; tit hos. Ry
"3 bag val toils te salt digaesit “ah i
ona enone NAVE.
Dlg MEE vargas
oa Maa) .ayeee ee: saaisiito E31
RAO To) A 7 Tiih val 1E We ha Lat
eS Auseniinay Ch SOT GED hg). bi Ted. YES & ous wise cath OM,
ae aad vyhal tase Patt Tee Lee a rT ih Aiuelt Late TARO HIM hai it
; i p “4 4 dow tae a + bited aad A393 jas *
gages # enowltl barwideles os) in Lele 4AM petal ad
0 AG] OE ental sarang ath lied
widens iat awe Yb cate i eusitels atdd ain We
Ld
ch
ih UG. CURRAO Qh a2 y shins tls ued,
SAP. cre Yared bie svat A a pet Bihh hy sitet aT :
‘ ey” uy i ato evn i) \ ae ii, ba gf OH:
& Lp date eh quay. at pocliin arly neal ik cera
winddnyiry 2 et ahodd yd id ot eae gutviei Ls)
Lgrotio worritiio you a et To tyal Ee 208 uf yhue rigid
LTE” De Mb Pee Wolo ldo yt
irae: bere bit 7 iva aya ne! bs) he sword Bes To,
ly variant talon 9Gied eeaundd E oe Ta K.
Wb) thd: syerdiedict anata bia | iawn oy A‘
Th Os a eR tani :
sendin’ hy UT SPER AA + Livre bei
| idepad ese janan of) Soren a0
heme Be Pome Lg eins das sy ‘ras a
oH ' tds rel indy Ct aa, Meath Th 1 wave Ignis 2
Hy Oe phi ik fe ty my vk aE AL sti E xis ving Bae if
5 olated wilh ti PEM oe ont.
, é suuset gees :
2
BI 3 Peas
YG
Jan vats Nay AE SHE
; .
=) 4 pier Pisin Fit cna wat
Fu
1 whe oe 1.
UNIO nasutus.
Rostrated River-Mussel.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Festa transversa, aquivalvis, non affixa; natibus decorticatis, suberosis ; impressio
muscularis postica composita. Dens cardinalis unicus, brevis, irregularis,
simplex aut bipartitus, substriatus ; dentes laterales duo, elongati, com-
pressi, infra pubem producti.
Typus Genericus Mya Pictorum. Linn.
Shell transverse, equivalve, not affixed, the tops decorticated. Posterior
muscular depressions double, Cardinal tooth one, short, irregular,
simple or double, striated ; lateral teeth two, elongated, compressed,
and prolonged beneath the corslet.
Generic Type Mya Pictorum. Linn.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
87, (Div. 2.) testa transversim elongata, margine dorsi rectd, antice angulaté
obliqué attenuata, extremitate subtruncata.
Unio (Div. 2.). Shell transversely elongated: dorsal margin straight; an-
terior side angulated, vbliquely attenuated, the extremity slightly trun-
cated.
Lister, tab. 151. fig. 6.
Unio nasutus. Say in Encyel. Am. Conch. pl. iv. fig. 1.
ED
Tuts is one of the most natural genera in the modern systems
of conchology, as it includes all fresh-water bivalves having two
rough cardinal teeth in one valve and one in the other. The
colours of all are more or less dark-brown, sometimes radiated
with green; but the specific characters rest on the contour of the
shell and the proportion of the teeth.
There can be no doubt this shell is the Unio nasutus of Say,
who refers to the figure of Lister. The Unio nasuta however of
Lamarck I apprehend will be found different, as he seems to
think ; his shell also is purple inside with short thick teeth; in-
deed so much uncertainty hangs on the shells of this genus, that
the species can only be fixed by ample descriptions and very
correct figures. ‘The figure is from a shell in the Linnean So-
ciety’s cabinet. Mr. Say says it is common in the Delaware
Riyer, North America.
PI, 57. K
_ abba OTE
‘EAseawit- rees P| bolo
Sinton erlang hem wt va)
_ APTIR ARH) Di eeRAD
Oa OU Repo ao Mabey ne ay WOR 4 1a Oy Bley yea igpiyeny ett
Jase are). ais sees ith nae Leagan shang rahe
a “rene pls aan talin dake a en olbebseget Sie, or,
. haat igy wewhang ark ste aot
isa, ame ehh, euanveniel sage? }
yele: sheauepeheaoslaqat thi darite 104 ar lainiges esavseanyert Eh
ghebygen, Jasin, oolpebd Leniirs >: .obheb clash orga vonlaapnaaier
Hoeemqaiws heslapeals dows toy ides J phntele + obttiaale “1, oben
Flee ols sleondd preset
¥4 ox 8 i =
will At i SAM ad
Bh. nye E opener r=
ery Si ear tie - a
MCD AAT vee?
Rotenee Sosien dikes chewable. siabeerott glibas ait iy ate macieait jl i
epi BENGE Sao ot Ae Joye g ches ae rae, sepia eee
Ae
am phlvieds pnpuece latioh balnggoly yparorventilede LS wht "
‘ . ‘ - Q
Dt er is eRe Mae ies Ge Gre le ead SOs vial tat > dninsceg ee bite hes
DM: het MA g a
ot Bho de, let: aaa Jagan wage
o i y
—= rrr OPIN wth g = s
etanie obo a} awenog degen om aud je. aia
P ‘ i a
OE EF ar getelioatc daw hugeille Beritol aete jiask gaolordoaaa bo
"rh
ved? | wile od) aieuo ta ede oquy ae dias Jette: th
dataibet cariiomnoe. awe t+ Ainh ne 10-rGun: 908 lis ‘Io,
fd, vo uroiaws aul! ne jeu aioe oNingge ads jd pamep ;
t «thtaet. oty te ROLL Mp onl bing fi J
S20 Jo awison owe) one ef eile ait eel aed aa
\
ato teveyiod simatigih)> ad Suieshte oamtrady oi
.0).2c ofc gaoith bao ad How, Bese sro a :
No
§ 3d yagi enti ta eliadie.o
ot wemonctixt. ofl ti, Jade = ciecyit a gui ail pis Fe
s pnawhlot, ‘eal stl mona, 2b Jinn yn ahh dat
ary =~
a
oak
_e
4 ele 4
oe ‘ ,
: dhs!
ACHATINA crenata.
Green hair-streaked Achatina.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 30.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
A, ( Div. 2.) testa alba, fasciis viridibus capillaribus ; spira elongata, subatte-
nuatd, anfractibus 6 convexis, labio exteriore crenato ; basi subtruncata.
Shell white, with capillary green bands; spire elongated, sub-attenuated,
of six convex volutions; outer lip crenated ; base slightly truncate.
(a A eRe a a
A Few specimens of this most delicate and beautiful shell were
found by my brother, Mr. J. T. Swainson, jun. in the island of
Cuba; nor am I aware of its having by any other means reached
our cabinets, excepting a distinct variety which occurred in
Mrs. Angus’s, and is now (together with a young one of the same)
in Mr. Dubois’s collection. This has, in addition to the green
bands on the spire, a row of bead-like cinereous spots at the
base of the first and second spiral whorl ; and others of a longi-
tudinal square form on those whorls nearest the tip, which, with
the inner lip, is slightly tinged with pink. The form of the shell
also is shorter; but the general contour, and particularly the cre-
nated mouth, common to both, clearly proves it can be consi-
dered only as a distinct variety. The specimen we have figured
agrees with all those sent at the same time, in having not the
slightest appearance of spots, though in a perfect state of pre-
servation. ‘The little notches on the margin of the lip are always
placed at the commencement of each of the green lines; the
base of the column is straight, and slightly truncated before it
joins the outer lip.
Pl. 58.
re ‘ as | nee ed > ane
a : x
J) :
~
ihe tb Ok y"> fA Aj
! Y ae. » a rark f
Mis ih eh) \ ¥z a hs ‘
- eae
pect <a
) | a. fi i
e - -
A hiv ¥
AV and it ie Mit. sla apy wee
iy wrk VE a oerrl way fers ih, Aah vate
; ‘ P fell roy i
299 5 tiie baad? [he AMV ae) ; = bys ae (75" bee ele iv fies syie
vatviegiey “PTE Me Bell < bel ceery ae a Te sonilay se
.
eps iotle Likywed Face i ich ib Sout sat te erat
tee bei SAP AE 4 sonatas 5a Ky i fet i: scitevedl yid te 0
a fa aire * iy ree td Pr freee wi dn ne Tavern » that
ti bse Sj sirbag ‘ rile: 'B yilitegioed \ saree
(acitae arly Ip Soe gee” ‘avi gt) watt 3 nee
* - ' .
eee aber scbiibhe af ata? oc tt OHS ob Bi
‘ ote Sy acm anion 44 sei faaret te a re
i ehal'n to ede hai onde tio Boel 8 baat \ sit .
dete’ koh cia selfite naan Whaley Gell: iss av ;
flevete hy kai why ee ak ’ ; git 4bT fey bye Saipcortes
- aa ti
a3 ofl} 9 ales sities ¢ Ly taser 1 parrot:
hyn ra nay Sova uigieals’ ellacidls ar an
f breil sad Bye is FEET OA ¢ Pt a ye ¢ oh Sstinis ae
Sc) Min nigel al mine pia Hy See. Nera, ve
. an 1 hs gate an4et a th iyoats sae Avrt
are ain 910 4 idol Ana tk op en Rae pH
Sa pentli norm adh to doe jo Frgaewe
> tat
H Spied, hutmanisit vicitelin be csr
“*
—
59 \
pyre atv le ore! in ~~
/
a
ey
v
PSITTACUS Barrabandii.
Red-collared Parakeet.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pi. 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. viridis, sincipite guldque fiavis ; torque coccineo circa medium cervicem ex-
tendente ; rostro rubro ; alis spuriis carulescentibus.
Green, fore-part of the head and throat yellow; round the middle of the
neck in front an orange-red collar ; bill red ; spurious wings blueish.
ens eR
Tue vast and little known region of New Holland has afforded
us some of the most beautiful birds of this superb family, and
among which the species now, as we believe, for the first time
published, will stand conspicuous. It is from a fine skin in the
possession of Mr, Leadbeater, and is named in honour of the
late M. Barraband, the first ornithological painter that France
or any other country has produced.
The tail is very long, measuring eight inches three quarters ;
the total length of the bird being near fifteen inches. The green
which predominates over the plumage is bright and changeable,
having a blueish tinge on the hind head, which is much darker
and stronger on the outer margins of the quills and middle of the
tail-feathers: the back and scapulars are tinged with an olive-
brown; the spurious quills and their protecting covers are
greenish-blue, appearing in some lights entirely of the latter
colour; the inner margin of the quills and tail, as well as their
entire under surface, deep brownish-black ; but the tips of the
tail-feathers beneath are much paler; the two middle feathers
five inches longer than the outermost, and extending near two
inches beyond any of the others; their extremities instead of
being pointed are rather widened and rounded. Bill red; ears
and space between the eye and bill green; fore-part of the head,
chin, and half the neck, a clear orange-yellow, which is termi-
nated by a narrow collar of a beautiful orange-red ; the remain-
ing under plumage pale-green; inner wing-covers darker. Legs
black. The fourth, fifth and sixth quills notched at their tips.
Pi, 59.
dna eo diy onmeanat WIE) Sliiee Sea et ETERS |”
: 7 ae to, a i iat
hon hil cheaqine oil Tha tide ha nedl anetn ee aati abe
ea bin ceaahiceap: | ace nok idaiauges hod od uit imdsrreed old’ ria ¢
tegveotd) « sila) neotiinass eet bud adie aie!
‘pepo tt Rove ree Deeapiatlbetioy ed) to mine arr) THI ate 7 wala
at i 3 eft aH Gyah lk Su { > AH sad tlul reeset i weit eal re vohow, orn
n , * 7 ; , PO a
vnlieel clabia ow ody leg oeeetionesiioaedh wriachisitelind:
> vibeedaerall” 27 Sp se aie
Ta hay iif! isrwhensliel, oo a
© rN ee
ch Of 494-<—p Tae VSR DHRD
‘ ‘
ms
Oras " *.
ss ie
PA " ‘ ‘“ « 5 f p
aed A. CEA 2G OR ee ; : -
vf Pal * Pe 7 e " b s
- Bee TNL UALS a RSD eed , eh Sar ae dl Ate J *
7 + 4 » © . 5 ahd bd
ees rot may ¥ wy wae wey water «nieayh
arse Ch al bbinn aef phn {salve leant haa) pad pia | Xe t ubep er tert weeny
my
’ Wes f - =~ a 4 Y iar 7 Fm sip
~~,
; sity 2 ne 74 "7 or > ]
if: hiia att BH yess bey & it ara ry aodnap pad abit fi ‘ig uae mea
eumy tet ol oth tae ky HE OS on rhe tloiciew nena”
Soh (te vet oe bie caret st) aod pesca (oer iste HP Cee
? as
Me hc Mit gem te rca he ae het ul wtf to Hesree
wl
-Larmabuney nandyy tina vseeh ai van
7 f y a 4m 1 ‘ 4 ae tt a!
SOO CRAM AID ft elani AED STONE Wat \ Haal y Pere; ale ut
Lie)
, iL! i ¢
Sse pNeUL us igor 8) Sypdloegel! ee aie Abaerpeeiew)
SWE «110 Ges PLD Mmaw phi hig heal 00 Syne selouid 5 yong
: F caterer eeeta, oft, fie agente) hye
oul) 2rd ag we DY > se
santihed tia hg VA OT vLa é ceedity sani vr a Ea: pe 3 dradtasielios ;
Wen Che « Ca tee hhiber Pa Lal Cerner wile Pay rod, (
Tada als JG ole add ee nh ee aaeneee, apts sie sien,
ved men nuiiedee hig, caoceie tage To Ue eund 2octried art
1, SBS ehh oi NITIES tins ae esoole ‘Y Oad 10 car Puyad eotlone
é ei J8dtiaot- beoy dsivabed ve gisele ne beapetiony paige
sso DO Peg 3 a9 oniltas Lighae sore pel tinwer tod bouhige bas
<Uniwial Ob siusichyy, go olisry-aueiiey tule gq does oils Pak bis wis
sHecityey Onl} kinbinigen ii Mitenpeck se Be nalleia porns 8 4d hasan
tgod). toate nS teo-polw Met 2 er gnc wptss } Wek:
nny viad da Leodlasin Ibaaryy ‘bso: Lita om dlnwet ost “ae
—
oy
‘
ue
=
oS
-..
»
«
.
60
sk <r
ase yt pagar ee
jue ®t, pied <.eteta :
Pea tw eae
THYREUS Abbottii.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
(Familia Sphingidis Latreille.)
Antenna lineares, in medio incrassate, in maribus extrinsecus ciliata, (sub-bar-
bate) in faminis simplices, filiformes, mucrone obtuso arcuato sensim ter-
minantes. Palpi breves, obtusi, in utroque sexu similes. Ale opacae,
angulata. Abdomen crassum, barbatum.
Antennz linear, thickened in the middle, externally ciliated in the male,
simple and filiform in the female, gradually ending in an arcuated,
obtuse hook. Palpi short, obtuse, alike in both sexes. Wings
opaque, angulated. Abdomen thick, bearded.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
T. alis angulatis, anticis testaceis, fusco umbratis et obliqué lineatis ; posticis
flavis, margine lato nigro.
T. Wings angulated; anterior testaceous, with lineated brown shades and
oblique lines ; posterior yellow, with a broad black border.
ee
A LOVELY insect, which is unfigured, and, as far as we can
ascertain, undescribed by any author. It appertains to the
Linnean genus Sphinx, which can be viewed (from the immense
diversity and great number of the species) only as a family con-
taining many and striking natural genera : in modern arrangement
it is most nearly allied to the Seste of Fabricius, from which, as
it strikingly differs in the formation of the palpi and antenne, |
have separated it. .
I have named this insect to commemorate the exertions of
Mr. Abbott, well known as having furnished the materials for
that beautiful work the Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, edited
by Sir James Edward Smith. And from the unpublished draw-
ings of this zealous collector, the larva and pupa have been
figured. Mr. Abbott writes that it is a rare species in Georgia,
and feeds on the grape. The female differs not in colour from
the male, which is here represented.
Pl. 60,
dittoddA 20 THTNT. a
irual whigeiigh sila
F = . °
o* ~) a\abin petaednies abet 2: solace ahd ili Tate
o*9} fthbe ds Gheawta ueide trervasts. game it ascbaegia casi, at (sine
5 ? (Lele ead i
emg) lh. cow Grew dads aye fe - sabe -
s Th YW ‘ at} stotlss th heees UP a) einer met? fi Regulars, opengl agro, :
duo ne oo a cobs glitietieg obemels dP ad hes ue aby 2
eguid! .2oxae dyeb-ar wdile gauddey eats, beled Avtih nau i
nh Mai aomebd A. Badalp Pm a -—
ny =»
if
27 Se AD SiN eae oo
: é of
F : ‘ n fc : ere wee . ome
tenho , Lagi) WG SQ Siete ee Sie} . ' ipbt ah kilo pia git tis Aes
meus. Sage
i , edi twe ach ads +i i 4 has Nie. +h tesne “eal 7 ce
-viio) Maid juee ¢ dow oeoled voleteup veogitaupiige ;
‘ pe
'
a on nt Ra me, Pa
d L £ 7 : ee id ,
ied S97 46 1A aA. , its lial rep si dbvichyr joeens tga fot A
i. “ee
" ralehiagne ib aydiee ene yd bedéeesbie (alah
genni 462 soot) howal’ od rem dvieher sag suuyD oooh Ee
og vial ase vine end yonie oct toe roel cnuact iaag bas -yhepedh
Hs gis Ce hooters at bemioy lage anidiate bag qi SOIASAP
ae haither cool aniaetday to iapyale oll ol} belles dhaau jeout wa”
dt. Yo paises sil iti eedlil vy didiede
| OO REND i ai aa adjow ouadk
eT ina: eli ae VCRNENIGEOND, 08 tooeai edd, frente aved ye
ct alain ‘adds f ly sitadertull yithrort ai nom, Yhow dtodd A Se
) paevye Da. } ano4 nocd only duce hAiDimadt bast
ww balelfvqan sl med bad” ditiwle Bea bch sajppel wit od
roel dad aati bore. aval ult. otaaliso anoles: alt Yo alt
shin
yo i
: ye ; t
iwi? ta awa aay 6 of 16 Jane aedet We dod A a ee Coy t st
det wolog ni.jog wind alu off ep rad fio alain hee
: hainoasiy yy sed ai doisber joleae oft
; p 00 Us
’
ae
iD ‘
AV
baba 3
t ~ y
-
- ~ : .
(
; 1
a
‘
¥
* - ,
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‘ =
S -aretea, : evil OFM
eee
~
t?
Dear ba
‘ ale
Prins
Pale} yeti
i Se moi
? A =; >
ea ‘ ;
By * E Trot
“ tn y y >
a oye AM isons 6 rp ers ¥"
i
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ae
i
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;
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y
> a
i
KS
Find :
r
ss
’
w
‘
“aS
TAMYRIS Nurscia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 33.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
T. alis nigris, anticis supra fascia centrali rufescente, infra punctis duobus ad
basim albidis ; posticis infra ca@siis, cinereis, basi nivris lined obsoleté albi-
dé; margine nigro.
Wings black ; anterior above with a central reddish band, and two white
basal dots beneath; posterior beneath grey and cinereous; base black
with an obsolete white line; margin black.
Se
THe marginal fringe of the lower wings in this species has a
few white dots between the nerves, and the upper surface is
sprinkled or powdered in the middle with blueish-green atoms ;
on the under surface of the anterior wings the lower part of the
band is orange, the upper bright rufous; and within the black
margin of the posterior wings is a large blueish spot, and two or
three whitish dots on the sides of the thorax. It seems nearest
allied to Hesp. Celsus of Fabricius, which is only slightly de-
scribed from Mr. Jones’s unpublished drawings.
TAMY RIS Laonome.—lwer figure.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
T.alis utringue similibus, concoloribus fuscis, margine communi aurantiacis ;
capite anoque rubris.
Wings in both sexes alike, uniform brown, with a common margin of
orange; head and tail red.
The under surface of this insect (a female) perfectly resembles
the upper: it will approach near to Hesp. Amiatus of Fabricius,
which no doubt belongs to this genus.
For both these interesting insects, not to be found in Fabri-
cius, I am indebted to the liberality of my friend Professor Klug,
Director of the Royal Museum at Berlin: no note accompanied
them, I therefore conclude they are undescribed, and probably
inhabiting South America.
Pl, 61.
ee
et Ege tne Hi ih veg ap.
vo pina :
; NI 6 DAY De TITER)
a es i biineany, Gis oerren ct Herbert elsauh Spey alee:
, calla di’ x cues Sega Ge bas fehl iene othe pain
wae iin
wide nie, GANA beet thither te (MIA & \live 4veda yori : a fs
del - igh: AO eget) LH 0% “terest eal ae itysaad Bab h i
ald i agian -oai) ai ie) ie ihe 5
again mn
‘ “did agirace wih ff eyitt Sate) | oi tos rueebit: denniggt
; Re ag inet whey ith a Theuee ASA alt bitryeaat ‘soht allie
| Seid rye tar reich, ative ‘sob NOT unas tid: hereabav ody ve beta
sit We ras 3. bead mali, uae i create ett te decpaaty tae leat Ty
gilda spatdaioe Bie; Aniheare ‘fui thd me Seis eo: n
ay Gav tty eh ne (nists loyiel a al eye " Vatipetd, wihig
'Siesenare aut eit se pvilt oild Vente ve iM nels ihe
ae didisi } rst 4 bolt $4 pial; ihn, to esnela el AF 3
1Fas Bye said ibe le agian ‘epemaaan hac!
omnirgpey mania
Si
oe
ean erie ~ “pow a iT » ie i
4) AG OMA A Aa Se Ug a. Pt
« Ativan ¥ bila i wih a (eel ered, sel ian ey jibe”
,
| a a aay Tere
he Wiganser | Dore nn es didi ial arndiain ada poe
hens Uiaad Siem Digan
: i Aaja: a eis r
‘ alotmeiay, elias ine & oat well i) lagna sisly Te sale win
mus isda fea ayy ECM ole Ot aT ee he
opti Sit at agate a
viet ab hin ae Ue sind deco eepDaNe
ohh % seman teeter bye ta wb iL aooae AP aneb aad Fig
Heviliyraonena on a ailwil je nupdy tll to a
(hteks pul bay uly wat es ie ¢ att abartanng 2 nal ce mt
severed A = 2 sa wi
“* eae
vs
ry As ch -
i <.
at
“or. * ve
=
7
~
5
‘
a]
2
PSITTACUS discolor.
Red-shouldered Parakeet.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
P. viridis ; fronte, mento, tegminibus inferioribus, macula cervicali, lateribus e&
scapularibus coccineis ; humeris puniceis ; vertice, tegminibus exterioribus
remigibusque violaceis ; rectricibus fulvo marginatis.
P. Green; front, chin, under wing-covers, and spots in the neck, flanks
and scapulars crimson; shoulders dark-red; crown, external wing-
covers, and lateral tail-feathers violet-blue; quills blueish-black mar-
gined with yellow.
P. discolor. Red-shouldered Parakeet. White’s Voyage, pl. at p. 263.
La Perruche Banks. Le Vaill, pl. 50.
Tuts is another of the splendid little Parakeets inhabiting the
forests of New Holland; and vivid as the colouring may appear
in our figure, it sinks into dullness when compared with the
bird itself. Dr. Shaw was the first who described it in W hite’s
Voyage to New South Wales, where it is badly represented.
It has been since figured by Le Vaillant, probably from a female
or imperfect specimen, as the tail is represented by far too short,
and the colours not quite agreeing with that in my collection.
Total length eleven inches. ‘The upper plumage bright green,
tinged with blue on the sides of the neck, lighter and yellowish
beneath ; the crown of the head sapphire or violet-blue, with a
crimson belt in front, and a large patch of the same round the
chin; paler spots of this colour are also in front of the neck,
breast, flanks, and under tail-covers ; the under wing-covers are
deep crimson, as well as the inner shafts of some of the lesser
covers outside; the shoulders dark blood-colour; the outer wing-
covers deep-blue on the margin of the wings, gradually changing
to a vivid blue, which blends with the green. Quills black
glossed with violet, margined externally and internally with yel-
low. Tail near five inches long, the middle feathers dark rufous
tipped with blueish; the rest more or less rufous at the base;
and shining blue beyond. Bill and legs pale.
PI. 62.
ii ur
ES
won 29 AIP IRE ee
. in
sods bowsisbade- sth : ae
cs tie ee “Y
. a: _ ‘poe oie nanan ad Rea pers 4 .
ee EE tee ee + Py | > =
Aetaanend wro res :
saassdiested vow ot Sige sudo na evi atest elite’, ster’ eee, q
‘adie bi otis hatin MapV ia, ae orisha Newnge * Pa tl) va See chantioa
an poy yea eat ant “Wight airpan di sageyt
wise yer sly a ue bits ony vp sear vehirige a sticky sat; bey A a
~ Seoagive Lyeeytes Ment ; Laid we ier alin te ants arahert ese frie ;
‘ta bi¢ahivintd dip abirehory adit fiat! Leva tf he Nahe : ; :
y : . actos Iii ae “hott
Ce ae dev don't berotitiredantradl hop =
dey Neti adn Set ae
Me . pe ne |
2 i II a te et .
. ‘ H
oft ‘uf sivibtet ad id i re shevsiz' f eT} si! ue wre siete id ich ning Pr VW fs
LeNCTLEG Yuet see Tales EF en tert v fdas . pivaniio lt “urs tenon ‘
ght pie Geen Afi0KH aorta seantivh aiai waders ti oti 1g ti |
Soe idl bedi: sooty ont lz darit ‘ott LRH wr eeelee = Abe ini —_
TOs g rey hegy pltone® ei th vender a ola? lier wel ww ose |
banek c cee lactony tretilis y ahh SNPS STE nasd an sts |
rodbe comet vad bi atttaeonys yy at lua oats ies Kahn otra yet
or atloo verb que tt idl iw’ opty crea abttegy 2.008 “euioei acy era
Aan yiteird genni aa ad T= .ngcad solo het get ,
“ eivroliez bus vettydl oda Gd? Ie eebia pa ad pul dtter beagatt’
wealBion “aild-sgbois 6 safe sa bao ont To mod od; ; Hsorewt >.
od? Daves cares add Jo dota sarah shine: Hort oF of Had cuoeettins
der sil Toa tao ol ole aia 80109 sae 6 ek aloga ld : tA
is HRIVODYALY! bree oid; evavou-bint volun Dye ating Janet
soeash otis ah npgae-I0 uftada quant odd en low na “segetiy gash
-gubaioetce asd ;irelon-boold +b eoblueds od pobre aves"
i. yiliokery piv ort to nimi od? no ould-pssh aibyAS
Aenkd ‘ellivg voarg otf} sitive ebook dotder sild bet oot
> bg hte yilnerad ini is gllermteo byatwinns paket dtigy lessedty
mote diab ewdiist olbbine sds yl asdont sri rest htsT oot
ated ody ta uuchire eal ad groan vay Ab; ‘divi dive: baguziy \
ey slag xgol bes (a doit sled) qarieite tive
eT
Toa
MOLL
OLD Em
LELL -
<eaeeeseeeaeeswace: -
Sires n
63
wv
AMMODYTES.
Sand- Lance.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corpus gracile, teretinsculum, polyedrum, elongatum, squamis vix conspicuis.
Labium superius duplicatum ; mandibula inferior angusta, acuminata.
Membrana branchiostega septem-radiata. Pinna dorsalis corpore pene
equalis, radiis simplicibus flexilibus.
Typus Genericus Ammodytes Tobianus. Linn.
Body slender, roundish, many-sided, with minute scales. Upper lip
doubled; lower jaw narrow pointed. Gill membrane seven-rayed.
Dorsal fin nearly as long as the body, with simple flexible rays.
Generic Type Sand-Lance. Pennant.
AMMODYTES Siculus.
Sicilian Sand-Lance.
A. pinna dorsali sinuatd, in medio angustatd, pone anun altiore.
Dorsal fin smuated, narrowed in the middle and broadest behind.
$$ $$ ———_$__
OF this genus, hitherto considered as possessing only a unique
example, we were fortunate in discovering while in Sicily the new
species now figured, and which early in the year visit the coasts
near Palermo and Messina in prodigious quantities. ‘There 1s no
striking difference between this and A. Tobianus, excepting the
extraordinary shape of the dorsal fin, which is invariably undu-
lated and narrowed in the middle. It never grows to a size ex-
ceeding the figure, and is usually much less; while the British
species is often found double the length. Like that, also, 4. Szcu-
Jus has the lateral line running close to the dorsal fin ; for the fine
line in the middle of the side, as Lacepede has well observed, is
that only which connects the muscles. That author likewise
mentions, that the jaws in A. Tobianus have minute teeth, but
these I could never discover. ‘The rays of the fins are, pect. 16;
dorsal 56; anal 30. <——_—_
AMMODYTES Tobianus.
Common Sand-Lance—upper figure.
A. pinné dorsali lineari, equali.
Dorsal fin linear, equal.
Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p.1145. Pennant iv. pl. 28. Bloch, pl. 73. 2.
Lacepede, ii. 275. Klein Hist. Pisce. fasc. iv, tab. 12. f. 10.
This, though a very common fish, has been figured by all au-
thors as if the rays were spined and naked at their extremity ;
they are, on the contrary, soft and connected. .
[t abounds at certain times on many parts of our coasts. The
number of rays stand thus: Pectoral 12; dorsal 51; anal 27.
Pl. 63.
a@LPEEOM MA
on ask howe,
re
’
: Seat nae a
UMS. Late davmaasyr dusbaeale vinualvpg heed condlecpenga tiers at moran)
ANWR Yealy. albedgrees vara atlas “irbacalqn eave, eaendial »
Ao, Gna ehawdls taRh “At wats ‘hers iin bgp beste asters witorlage st
-
a a
7
is also pibialgaede. aavbayr ava pte d 1
and ay “ual ay Pathe oa Ve. “auc Midas mgt -
qil Tp) Fi etre! beast inet: Haake rat ro inn tT, ‘ seibeaar: cviale hati. -
7
der gatoy We soenlasne (iD, teiite gw se A Waly tte! ; - Lprbtavads
sean bdivols lyons clave zhodl etd pam st 2a yes ai inawe *
Athan wF) cya be Akviete 2 1% at, met):
\
ee 1) eo
et ene
unsie GE OG Ol Mw A ea
sth b-thende wnghionee ~ oo) =
reoaila sa au: leks yee doe Nae sie svat seme Juctiq Ki E
atted rolimue (mesibltis sa? ot fees ) «lonelsals ne inal - ;
! aR i —- 4
SuplTU 4 £ x Moti owe Pi bevel j 8 7aK2 A nites a sia Tr a).
wen cabs uli DiC% 14 Laudve oaiereouilts +O ai OLY MSVEe olga | N
Hacer Mle Jigiv We Y athe) ot a rf otis fi i fis erg OS Bese J =
Bie “4 vt se) (7
Cie
ries eels pe ixwizal y ‘ig yi goths a ht fs fits ccervele’ | 1s
Sine ito Kee esi ‘ lst. We Ube zig) 1awrds ae soiensiiis nendeibe 7
midloracs “Chel Bc coves 27 shod, Oe Leama Aad to aqade vinnibyienxg
ME ORB ye wn rye tayo th) liao slp atk fhowortsn i ion lvsted
“ Morn he onndag, « caunads re wa yileewes 2b bare. Piangit othtiy thea,
ridge ¥ 08! (iii oid: ees) edt sidgeb banch asite shemisonn
Siakt os "Gi ‘i ler wl re Ay panls prereset ty 1 orl iessiet oid zal zw
teal ciltiage doh Hbxoad ee obideds to olbbim nila smb 2
suircoddxorlgpetag D> -eakdandenn stil iosnnoo dojdy -ylao Yodt
Sith pea Hk ae! sunaod ts of ewe, olf ted? 2sanqonE,
= Ol iaag iment sol 1eynt olT s9vooeibtavem bldos I sped
apy afin a ee
secede ar As a Q M MN oes =
fi ‘oraeni neem paar Suessonigode | tes
; i Aaurgy: vat salsa N
ae Bus ee ee aan Cin _lsiips uxaail of pero
SOMA mS a vi ie abthiq: é Ace Vl Swit ld
“ Dba 2 gh, vi. Pe wl el wih > ae i in aes
<hmbicatiliesbilaiained t
aitadlird baa teil g noth sash laid nortan: cae: crass aid
+ yeaa is od} 16 bintea bar hactiqe SOW AYRE ody Ti as =
-bejoaucos bre dine scumaoo. edt 10 yor
OEY 2teiop gee To ang (Bad 00 sont) eianiog $$ ebusods 2
SSigia , lech . 2b friedeo: awa bases Yo ted
: Ge By
hh baw
eo! — a a
.
MACROGLOSSUM assimilis.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antenne subfusiformes, sursum versus sensim crassescentes, apice unco brevis-
simo gracili incurvato abrupté terminato, in maribus sub-barbate, in Saminis
simplices et graciliores. Palpi porrecti, crassi, articulo ultimo acuto. Ale
opace, integra. Abdomen crassum, barbatum.
Typus Genericus Sphinx stellatarum. Linn.
Antenne subfusiform, gradually thickest towards the end, the tip ab-
ruptly terminating in a very short slender incurved hook; ciliated
in the male, simple and more slender in the female. Palpi porrected,
thick, the last joint pointed. Wings opaque, entire. Abdomen thick,
bearded.
Generic Type Sphina stellatarum, Linn.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
M. alis supra fuscis ; anticis fasciis duabus obsoletis, puncto nigrante terminali,
posticis in medio, tribus maculisque lateralibus abdominis aurantiacis.
Wings brown; anterior with two darker obscure bands, and a terminal
blackish dot; middle of the posterior wings, and three lateral spots
on the body, orange.
SE
Tuts genus was instituted by Scopoli many years ago, and
differs principally from Sesta by having opaque wings, and from
Thyreus by the very great difference in the construction of their
antenne. Many exotic species are known, but only one is
found in Europe (Sphinx stellatarum of Linn.), which likewise
inhabits our own country, and to which this our insect is very
nearly allied.
Though by no means uncommon in collections, I cannot find
this species either figured or described, nor indeed am acquainted
with its locality. The under figure is of the male; the upper of
the female ; which differs only in the wings being rather broader,
and in having one segment in the body less than in the other
sex.
Pl. 64.
<Sitdorisen! AF 22 ED ORD M IM
cme ella se a ren a
‘ 4
roe MarvagaaD ASD
Aste s :
<thares QU 3 ak PERSP tat ACN RY Care” Tas ‘ yrs oer ahd
eMLverel, te py arene as pM bimewee set aetna Sua tn olan hel eee t
pity svi ogeivie glee wei “ite ARS seins bp somgitianay ‘ avalreus ;
. ave did (rears et RE beh ad PHD,
Fs tia 1: cote Siva ¥ Ae ed pla o 5 aap : ay. o
: ~<dg yt adh, Etgen't us. ab uplyd ose Aohitt9 wy 2 NReaahaa pares Creech A a
bageitio: claod fers i ob pele It “ale ne Bd ghia cud) riod dgars .
clnarvwerag iyls'l - soliaerlt auld at Sofas eve use bx # olqure said edit
ahoits amettalkt. omer co Pbige (ae rk ob eit ini, tesi ; wis sibel ik
oe wh ee 2 eed et
HOLT seacntollele ela ae rf obese ae ay
Pe ee . Ft rym, 8) orth gee Pn eth |
Vivatiaas ssi, agai, oan eae
Avie Lnniwn aya becncsly yay totale tant a al ave «ass a, hart eng f .
denies Gbyeo wake: ov eval yao
hiiares. a doa hard sae bin F railants ‘ont ‘itiwete insite: pared rntietacs
HCE iad ood bau PEL UNTO e ig alt: ie etbbie tosiok dadyatd 4
Se Ve og dbod elt ap
ntl
Se Ay RN RIE et I
bas: ore: igo, ras iogaad Ne: heshpiagal, eb W aintog tt:
aot bis. apaive Ou pays giro td niene, mor Gia wqinaing rate ‘i
tists to apit: dunenog ons it Soienathi imei ayow ol wd eset | ,.
Bh Otto xhini9 judd, OL oh soienge, Bios qt “f %
ee adil shi ule sles; to ans svutabbate. ani) aor on hu
“er a i199 aa ai 1 i nied nlvid wo oe TuMCD Loo! 10) atidadta
shad doit wo, d _qpavincesins noMUROoKK 2CuSE, “On: vat Mitgueet®
; hotaisep: ne ras by pubuL On ibe odivrkety 10 boeet: sults eed Ur
be rage only palenuads Ww. af otupl rehrer ad oGilepol ating
_ dlabaed sorte, guivd ane eld tt wiv saathi ibaidl vs -
sitio only ii ixedls eeal ybou oat deat ous gaivnd ai.
CONUS Augur.
Girdled Cone.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Testa univalvis, turbinata, s. invers® conica, convoluta ; apertura longitudinalis,
angustata, edentata ; basi effusa; spira brevissima,
Typus Genericus Conus marmoratus, &c, Linn.
Shell univalve, turbinated, inversely conic, convolute; aperture longitu-
dinal, narrow, not toothed; base effuse; spire very short.
Generic Type Conus marmoratus, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
C. testa glabra, fulvo-albidd, fasciis latis nigro-castaneis, lineisque transversis
punctatis ; spird obtusd, convexd, striata, depressd.
Shell smooth, fulvous-white, with broad dark chesnut bands and trans-
verse lines of dots; spire obtuse, convex, striated, depressed.
C.augur. Lamarck Annal. Mus. xv. 277. Encycl. Meth. 333. 6.
Conus magus. Gmelin 3392.57. Martini ii. 58. 641.
Ee
Tue Girdled Cone is conspicuous among the beautiful shells
of this extensive family, by the broad and rich chesnut bands,
which are either two or three in number, and more or less broken
into spots; in high-coloured shells the minute lines of dots be-
tween them are also of the same colour. It is not a common
species, and inhabits the Asiatic ocean.
This is the Conus Magus of Gmelin and Martini, and of our
sale catalogues: this error has originated from Gmelin having
described two distinct shells, C. dugur and C. Magus, under
the latter name,
I have not referred to Lister’s figure 755. 7, being doubtful
of its affinity; and those of Martini and Bruguieres are very
bad.
Pl. 65.
=
wis 5 A @UHOD
- snot) wilbad:
ata RTI ea ON
2 a a e my
MIRA D See) Ce oN
UL bak 2 ee visti) loratoy Wot Seva Ry stihl on a wi
nA Hahei 3 inige gnc } vad ena tho | omubninyien -§ ’
“5 j
al ane aur mao) ee nls. at gen i.
. si scat ba od uty ON
“anh feel 4 4 visit ns t wale H09 Ret: 109-% fort ol ai anid nw ovlevisns 192,
Ba israes Wis? gig a poesia ound; baltook Jos RSE: deaits., 4
mee! asia aay sino oy P ofa am ees oe
ee — aid ge
—
i an
ANTI ALND 1 #1 pa22 “ hp Me
- s |
vier onegeeah ‘dadhinlad " yin: p boh, Ginemy!, glindiin-cih WA, antsia Fes vd
Sal dine Me oy ieee) dusthor iy ty 7a Noli
~2itent has ebstad tumeado- ay inh. Booad sini @ ickerweunn wit schiciave! fel
fiageo tod: grtatria aero? aiiy atiqa 230 to eyail ator’, f i
i
ee WALL Joye... 178 wie awit dobar ssugin a?
| PED 8S tb aly. TE See uewiilonss) seni erie)
1
v ‘
A ‘gosta suousitaos al one) hatin s nT a
Iveta hao oft. ad ee liarst ovianat 19 aids te. a
ip 8 ae ti crodrnginr nt aotdhao owt sodlyig-eas laielur 4 ;
| 2d etob, lo- agai! outtict ott allade henolo o-dyicl ad esege aii ©
uorenia e jon af 4] .tueloo omed oft To cele sae snedd! eae
A990 oitated okt apicherlect Dias coir ’
“tue to bar dali ME his cilarcit lo, swyoll emo) “ods i ath)
“galvsdl silogat) etcit- Be etigito as oy 10119 ae: : sauotatina ‘ales
soba, awgehh,' 3 has ig e la tonideib ows bediizest a
| wt ime roited sya
hduoh gaiod .¥ Sot cyte oad o) barges toa aved I
YT OnE doroingnitl bu re imi eh Yo Sead) bes sie, abt hic i
a!
rf] tj.
a
=)
MITRA lugubris.
White-banded Mitre.
GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl,
aes,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. testa inverse pyriformi, fuscd; sulcis transversis intus punctatis ; anfrac-
tibus superné obsolete plicatis, fascidque albé ornatis ; labio exteriore te-
nui, margine crenata; columellé 4-plicata ; basi albd, truncata,
Shell inversely pear-shaped, brown, with transverse sulcated grooves,
punctured within; volutions above obsoletely plaited and banded
with white; outer-lip thin, margin crenated ; pillar four-plaited; base
white, truncated.
WE have had much difficulty in the investigation of this spe-
cies: for its characters cannot be reconciled with any of those
contained in Lamarck’s Monograph of the genus in the Annales
du Museum. With regard to the unnamed figures in the old au-
thors, it bears the closest resemblance to that of Gualtieri,
tab. 32. G, which Lamarck quotes for his M.crocata; but then
his description is not at all applicable to our shell; and Mr, Dill-
wyn’s synonyms of the Linnean V. nodulosa (where he has also
included M. crocata), we are satisfied comprises two or eyen
three distinct shells,
This was named by Dr. Solander from the specimen in
Mr. G. Humphrys’s collection here figured: it is exceedingly
rare, and its locality unknown. In form it resembles a Buc~
cinum; the transverse grooves are broad, strongly defined, and
have large and deep excavated dots within them; the upper
part of each whorl has an appearance of irregular plaits, which
makes the suture uneven, and takes off something from the
smoothness of the lower part of the whorls, but the shell is in
no way granulated.
Pl. 66.
MIT RA ferruginea.
Thick-lipped Mitre.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. testé nubilé, maculisque ferrugineis interstinctd ; costis transversis, elevatis ;
labio exteriore crasso, obtuse crenato; columella 4-plicata.
Shell clouded and spotted with ferrugineous, with transverse elevated
ribs; outer lip thick, obtusely crenated; pillar four-plaited.
M. ferruginea. Lam. Ann. du Mus. vol. 17. p. 200.
Young. © Vol. vitulina. Dill. 553.— Martini 4. 149. 1380 & 1.
Variety more elongated. Vol. abbatis. Dill. 557. _ Chemnitz 11. t. 177.
1709 & 10.
This (a common shell) can be no other than the M. ferruginea
of Lamarck, though neither that author nor any other has noticed
its primary distinguishing character, that of the uncommon thick-
ness of the outer lip at the margin, which is also divided into
convex obtuse crenations; in young shells this is not apparent;
such is Martini’s figure. Mr. Dillwyn has changed Lamarck’s
name to Vitulina for this, and given the name of Abbatis to the
variety more lengthened, figured by Chemnitz; but which, from
specimens now betore us, we consider with Lamarck only as a
variety, possessing all the essential characters here given to
both.
GEN ERAL. IND EX
TO
carve) bags
IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.
ne re
Pl: Pi.
Psittacus Cayennensis . 11 || Parakeet, Cayenne gold-winged 1
' Sitta frontalis - 2 || Blue Nuthatch - By OG:
Mitra zonata 3 || Zoned Mitre reg
Bulimus melastomus 4 || Black-mouthed Butigas 4
Colias Statira 5 || Colias Statira 5
Leachiana 6 || Leach’s Colias 6
Carduelis cucullata ; .» 7 || Hooded Seed-eater 7
Merops urica & || Javanese Bee-eater 8
‘Helix auriculata . 9 || Eared Helix A 9
Strombus minimus 10 || Little Strombus . A 10
‘variabilis ; ib. || Variable do. ; ib.
Drusilla Horsfieldii 11 || Drusilla Horsfieldii 11
Gobius Suerii - 1214) Suerian Goby . 12
Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis 13 || Ceylonese Flatbill 13
Picus rubiginosus 14 || Brown Woodpecker 14
Licinia Melite 15 |} Licinia Melite 15
Ismene (Edipodea 16 || Ismene Cidipodea 16
Bulimus zonatus : 17 || Zoned Bulimus 17
Mitra contracta 18 || Contracted Mitre 18
australis ib. || Southern do. ib.
Tinamus Tataupa ~ 19 || Tataupa Tinamau 19
Picus Braziliensis 20 || Brazilian Woodpecker . 20
Procnias hirundacea 21 || Swallow Berry-eater 21
Terias Elvina . 22 || Terias Elvina 22
Mitra vittata 23 || Ribbon Mitre 93
Concelix marmoratus 24 || Marbled Concelix 24
lineatus ib. || Lineated do. ib.
punctatus ib. || Punctured do. . ib.
Procnias Melanocephalus 25 || Black-headed Berry-cater 25
Alcedo azurea 26 || Azure Kingsfisher 26
Halcyon collaris 27 || Collared Crab-eater 27
Hesperia Haworthiana 28 || Haworth’s Hesperia 28
Mitra cancellata . 29 || Contracted Mitre 29
rigida ib. || Ribbed do. . ib.
Achatina marginata 30 || Marginated Achatina 30
Phibalura cristata 31 || Crested Shortbill 31
Psaris Cuvierii
Tamyris Zeleucus
Colias Godartiana
Mitra bifasciata
Achatina perversa
Procnias cucullata
Picus bicolor
Hesperia Itea
Cynisca :
Achatina pallida .
Oliva Braziliana . :
Melliphaga auricomis
Pteroglossus sulcatus
Ramphastos carinatus .
Bulimus citrinus .
citrinus, var.
aureus 4 F
Mitra casta P ~
Oxyrhynchus cristatus .
Alcedo Asiatica . 7
Colias Pyrene
Argante
Strombus cylindricus
Persicus
Mitra lyreeformis
Solen ambiguus :
Ramphastos vitellinus .
Unio nasutus
Achatina crenata .
Psittacus Barrabandii
Thyreus Abbottii
Tamyris Nurscia
Laonome . :
Psittacus discolor ,
Ammodytes Tobianus .
Siculus -
Macroglossum assimile.
Conus Augur
Mitra lugubris
ferruginea . :
Cuvier’s Psaris . .
Tamyris Zeleucus °
Godart’s Colias .
Double-banded Mitre
Reverse Achatina :
Hooded Berry-eater
Black-and-white Woodpecker
Hesperia Itea
Cynisca
Pale Achatina
Brazilian Olive
Yellow- tufted Honeysucker
Groove-billed Aracari .
Carinated Toucan
Citron Bulimus
Reverse-banded do.
Golden do. 3
Chesnut-banded Mitre 2
Crested Shortbill .
Asiatic Kingsfisher -
White African Colias
Orange Colias
False scarlet Strombus
Persian do. fs .
Harp Mitre A .
Ambiguous Solen
Sulphur-and-white Toucan
Rostrated River Mussel
Green hair-streaked Achatina
Red-collared Parakeet .
Thyreus Abbottii ‘
Tamyris Nurscia
Laonome -
Red-shouldered Paritect
Common Sandlance
Sicilian Sandlance
Macroglossum assimile
Girdled Cone
White-banded Mitre
Thick-lipped Mitre.
GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX
OF
LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES
TO
VOLUME I.
EE ee
Pi.
AcHATINA, Gen. Char. 30 || Colias Leachiana
crenata ° 58 Pyrene
marginata .. 30 Statira wilt:
pallida Al Godart’s. ,
perversa 36 Leach’s :
green hair-str caked 58 orange :
marginated . ; 30 white African .
pale 41 || Cone, girdled
TEVErSE : 36 || Conus, Gen. Char. ;
Alcedo, Gen. Char. 26 Augur «ly ake
Asiatica. Yue 50 || Conelix, Gen. Char.
azurea 26 lineatus
Ammodytes, Gen. Ghar. 63 marmoratus ;
Tobianus . ; ib. punctatus . :
Siculus , 3 ib. lineated : ;
Aracari, Grooved-bill 44 marbled
Bee-eater, Javanese 3 punctured
Berry-eater, blache-heated- 25 || Crab-eater, collared
hooded , 37 || Drusilla, Gen. Char.
Swallow 21 Horsfieldii .
Bulimus, Gen, Char, 4 || Flatbill, Ceylonese .
aureus 3 . 47 || Gobius, Gen. Char.
citrinus : , 46 Suerii
citrinus, var. ~\ AT || Goby, Suerian }
melastomus 4 || Halcyon, Gen. Char.
zonatus ; 17 collaris
black-mouthed 4 || Helix, Gen. Char.
Citron : 46 auriculata . :
reverse-banded do, 47 eared
golden ib. || Hesperia, Gen. Char.
zoned . 17 Cynisca
Carduelis, Gen. Char. 7 Haworthiana
cucullata . : 7 Itea .
Colias, Gen. Char. 5 Haworth’'s
Argante ’ 52 || Honeysucker, yellow- tufted
Godartiana : 34 || Ismene Edipodea
Kingsfisher, Asiatic :
azure ‘ A
Licinia, Gen. Char.
melite
Macroglossum, Gen. hur.
“assimile :
Melliphaga, Gen. Char.
auricomis ,
Merops, Gen. Char.
urlea . : 5
Mitra, Gen. Char. ;
australis.
bifasciata .
cancellata
casta
contracta
ferruginea
lugubris
lyreeformis .
oliveeformis h
rigida
vittata
zonata
Mitre, contradied™
cancellated
chesnut-banded
double do.
Harp . : :
olive-shaped :
ribbed
ribbon k i
southern :
thick-lipped .
whate-banded
zoned :
Mussel, rostrated, Riser ,
Nuthatch, blue
Oliva, Gen. Char.
Braziliana
Olive, Brazilian
Oxyrhynchus, Gen. Char.
cristatus
°
Parakeet, Cayenne gold Miteed
red-shouldered
red-collared
Phibalura, Gen. Char.
cristata
Picus, Gen. Char.
Braziliensis
bicolor
rubiginosus
Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char.
Ceylonensis
2B wo we a
Or (Co KS" 160 69 Go
Gr
me PO S
9» 0 OO
18
Procnias, Gen. Char.
cucullata
birundacea .
Melanocephalus
Psaris, Gen. Char.
Cuvierii
Cuvier’s
Psittacus, Gen. Char.
Cayennensis .
Barrabandii
discolor
Pteroglossus, Gen. Char.
sulcatus
Ramphastos, Gen. Char.
carinatus
vitellinus
Sand-lance, common
Sicilian
Seed-euter, hooded
Sharp-bill, crested
Short-bill, crested.
Sitta, Gen. Char. .
frontalis .
Solen, Gen. Char.
ambiguus
ambiguous
Strombus, Gen. Char.
cylindricus .
minimus
Persicus .
variabilis
little
Jfalse scarlet .
Persian
variable f
Tamyris, Gen. Char.
Laonome .
Nurscia
Zeleucus .
Terias, Gen. Char.
Elvina :
Thyreus, Gen, Char.
Abbottil
Tinamus,
Tataupa
Tinamou Tataupa ,
Toucan, carinated
sulphur-and-white
Unio, Gen. Char. .
nasutus .
Woodpecker, brown
black-and-white
Brazilian
Gen. Char.
.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
VERTEBROS A.
PART I.
ORNITHOLOG Y.
PL
PsaRIs Cuvierli 2 ; 3 4 5 ae
Procntas hirundacea ; : = oe 8t
melanocephalus : j : - 25
cucullata : : : : ST
PHIBALURA cristata : 4 : - eos
PLaTYRAYNCHUS Ceylonensis . 3 . 18
CARDUELIS cucullata A : é a iG
PTEROGLosSUS sulcatus. 3 : . 44
RAMPHASTOS carinatus A ‘ ; =» AS
vitellinus : rc : ‘ ; 56
Psirracus Cayennensis . : : og
Barrabandl ; : F - ¥59
discolor . : ; : : . &62
Sirra frontalis . F : : = ae
Picus rubiginosus’. : 4 . =) dA
Braziliensis . : a : > 20
bicolor . : - ‘ ; . 38
OxyYRHYNCUS cristatus . : : . 49
MELIPH AGA auricomis : 2 : >; 4S
MEROPS urica . : 3 : : ses
ALCEDO azurea 2 : : - +826
Asiatica F é 2 : ~ 50:
Hatcyon collaris z : : : =) QF
TINAMUs Tataupa. ‘ : : - 49
TCHTHYOLOG Y.
Gopsius Suerii_. : : : : + 12
AMMODYTEsS Tobianus é : F +? 6S
Siculus : : : sox
AGAUL IE fa RAYS ¢
tm s
-
-
oe Se
os ae
ae
ee. -
ae
Gh i
u .
WZ . sehveolye) eva oe weet 1 cA a
th
od »
Thi
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& *
Li)
as «
5 é
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SYSTEMATIC. INDEX.
ENTOMOLOGY.
PART I.
DIURNES.
PI.
Couias Statira . 3 : : : » =o
Leachiana ; : : ; - G6
Godartiana , . : é - 384
Pyrene ~. : < : : 5 Ll
Argante : . . . - 52
Licitnia Melite : - ‘ : oS
TerRiAs Elvina . é : ” - «2129
DrusILua Horsfieldii : F : yA
Hesperia Haworthiana . - , . 28
Itea 4 : 5 . : . 389
cynisca . * : : : . 40
TamyRis Zeleucus . : : ‘ , §33
Nurscia . : : ‘ 5 . 61
Laonome : , : ; BP los
IsMENE (Edipodia_ . : : » 6
CREPUSCULARES.
THyRevs Abbottii . , , ; > 360
MACROGLOSSUM assimile . - : = 64
i
Y DOLOWOT "eT os aes
‘ta
Loe
ORV ORE ur eT
s F con i, Sittss4 eaLiey.
, - 2 Pees
ensttichets
ie : oa aT
‘ F adnan 14
: = 4 ate 11 aout
: " ¥ enrdst 2018GT
A iibfahewH a ryt att
. Biehl nome # re 83
‘ ny a gaye
. “ - - oe iy: o
4 R . ‘sttsyetS brayeeT
oe: . lee eet ’ “a
5 : aticimheal ~~
7 aitoqgih a) aeumel
Slee: :
AALAVIANA HD 2.
i —
. iitedaa et axenT.
ek . Mieriewe sa! weeoroog24M
; 7 cael Le a
~~
=
Ny
wept EMATIC INDEX.
CONCHOLOGY.
PART I.
GASTEROPODES (Univalves).
Pr
HELIX auriculata ‘ ‘ 5 : e439
BuLIMUS melastomus . ; 2 : A
zonatus . A = F é a walré
citrinus : : 5 : ‘ . 46
do. var, : : ; : . Bae: |Z;
aureus : : : ; 3 a Ibs
ACHATINA marginata . : Fs : 30
perversa ° . . : . 36
pallida te : ; - . . 41
crenata 5 ‘ : 5 2 Ae tits)
Ouiva Braziliana . , é ‘ ; .| 42
Conus Augur ; : 5 : , - 65
CONG@LIX marmoratus . : : : cw Qe
lineatus : : ‘ ; : tice
punctatus : : : - . ib.
MITRA zonata F é ; : : ae:
contracta . Z : 5 : 2 ss
Australis. : : : : c« otDs
vittata : ; : : - . 23
cancellata ., F : : : . 29
rigida Z ‘ : ; : saab:
bifasciata . 5 i f , 3 35
casta . A A : Peake 25
oliveformis : ; : f 5 ala)
lyreformis . = . : ; . d4
lugubris i * : : : . 66
ferruginea . : : ; : =! ibs
STROMBUS minimus ‘ : f ; a0
variabilis : : : : : = 1D:
cylindricus : 5 F ‘ . 99
Persicus. Z - ; : - ab.
ACEPHALIS (Bivalves).
Unio nasutus.. 2 : : . 37
SoLEN ambiguus 5
fe
Bie ;
i * i v re |
ii ‘ . ; §
Rrra wart: He 2a .s .
¥DO 1OWIM £0: a) Fi :
ok + 124 > :
u a is — :
A eovie’ win FY Aor pha TAD ae Yt eS
Hy _— = rays se
4 2 f , cies Prete ee |
Sy. ‘ “ Pf 4 ROARS Ra ua wun, 1 =
‘ cont) tyne, yet Shae SS 5
yr Ry ‘ Sve bl a eS ne,” he er ae a ;
‘ at a « me ~hs ho a y =e = .
ah 7 : i Kat hayes, dager, i al 2 =
OE. Pr : (csi ds siden the om
Mt a ee: : ¥ ;
, stavelavtl)
AdLHWa ME Se og
4 eerie” ' P f oe
wie " j
. | ea eee ’ Pree
ge F Pee ee ee
Sl | us 7 et iy th Ae < a een
bo fo Lo pe ie eggs ; } (
i oe. aL : Ave rank WW AVI LS ny ee,
di. : : 2 OE Ss mbhieail ne
wi. ; P a pret a
S - : ~ r : atpaieiy, OR ie
Bt . , eR ai a ss 7
mr a Ha nih,
ge rY
wm - ; ins
dt N
Re ir aie ieee amet ame gli ON :
ck
Mi a “nt ee aes
4 i aren SURNCRTG
whi ¥ F Ne | liad we 4 a A
he. : } tse i -enrpeebaaiyp > mr oS
lie. :3 : ¢ 2 euniero pt
i j 7 .
eae me , . . Sritetn ows ; 4 .
, b pn ae manidthy waar, + = ¥ — 2
\
' 4
Pl. 2.
ADDENDA ET CORREGENDA.
line 6, for Setaceisi numbentibus read setaceis incumbentibus,
4, between postico and interior insert digitus.
for minor read minimus.
6, for ‘‘ postico maximo”’ read ‘‘ posticus maximus.”
17, for aures lilacinze read auribus lilacinis.
erase Orthorynchus frontalis, Horsfield in Linn. Trans.
second side line 10, cancel.
— 4, for nudam et truncatam read nudum et truncatum.
— 6, for utrinsecus read utrinque.
6 from the bottom, for dulleron read duller on.
3 from the bottom, for oi read on.
14, between tectrices and remigibus insert a comma.
— 6, for Horsfeild read Horsfield, and wherever this occurs,
— 5, for articulis read articulos.
second side, 10 lines from the bottom, for Hipparchize read Hippar-
chide.
— 16, for claws read toes.
— 6, for basilari read basali.
Add to the synonyms. P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern. Trans. 3.
p- 291.
Oss. MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and without
our knowledge, published this bird under the name of Procnias
Ventralis, (Pl. 5.) by which name in right of priority it should
stand in the system.
for Fruit-eater read Berry-eater.
— 6, for inferiorum read inferiorem.
— 18, for variegato read variegata.
after furcata dele the comma.
19, after chalybeis insert a comma.
— 6, for adunca read adunco.
— 1, Add tothe synonyms Hesp. Zeleucus. Oxs. Donovan's Indian Inx
sects, where that author has figured it by mistake as a native of
India.
Add to the synonyms, Seba Pl. 49, fig. 21, 22, 41.
for Acwarinia read ACHATINA.
— 6 and 7, for columella margine read columella margineque.
Oxs. another specimen of A, pallida quite agreeing with this, is in
Mr. Dubois’ cabinet.
— 6, for base read basi.
next page, line 12, dele “and Cimbium (Melons) ”’.
— 4, after maxillz insert angulo.
in the Latin specific character, for ‘‘ basi rotundato”’ read “ basi sub-
contracto,”’ and in the English for ‘‘rounded ” read “ slightly con-
tracted at the base.”
— 3, on the back page for Broederip read Broderip.
Oss, Butimus aureus, inMr. Spurrett’s valuable cabinet is another spe-
cimen of this shell minutely agreeing with that here described.
— 6, for supr arotundata read supra rotundata.
Oss. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells mejis his d/cedo meninting described
in the Linn. Transactions.
2d line from the bottom, for where read were.
Oxss. The Ammodytes cicerelus of my friend Professor Rafinesque
must be different from 4. siculus, as he makes no mention in his
figure or description of the peculiarity of the dorsal fin.
for M. assimilis read M. assimile,
7 nl
7 | a
ny, - 7 \
LS | Ag
a . : as 2
Sv" a rw 1) y ‘y
" re) st
’ : ha he , od :
er oe a ‘a iy
} iv ; coke rm ow i :
me) ey, ry : } : 7’ ie : ~~ : > vine | .
fe yah 7 Pre, ; ant ee =
'
M 5 wer 7 vio) oe ne
~~ Jae iv ;
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